Highlights of Voluntary National Reviews since 2015

2021

• 'The Angola Multidimensional Poverty Index (IPM-A), which is the national measure of multidimensional poverty, includes different indicators of household deprivation related to four dimensions: health, education, employment, and quality of life. Based on the 2015-2016 IIMS data, the IPM-A results show that 54.0% of the Angolan population lived in multidimensional poverty in that period. Considering that target 1.2 aims to at least halve this proportion, the country’s aim is to attain a percentage of multidimensional poverty less than or equal to 27.0% by the year 2030.' (p. 10) 
• 'The commitment to conduct new IIMS and IDREA surveys will make it possible to monitor and update the monetary and multidimensional poverty indicators, ensuring comparability in methodology and allowing progress to be assessed so that the IPM-A becomes a key public policy tool. It is worth noting that the multidimensional poverty indicators cover areas related to different SDGs that are interlinked – for example SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10.' (p. 14) 
• For more information: Voluntary National Review of the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2021

2020 

• 'The assessment of multidimensional poverty complements the analysis on monetary poverty. The share of multi-dimensionally poor population, that is, the share deprived in at least one dimension, in 2018 was 23.6%, with most deprivations visible in housing and labor (Armstat 2019). 61.6 percent of children are deprived in two or more dimensions. The number was as high as 74.9 percent in rural areas, while it is 52 percent in urban settings. Children are mostly deprived in utilities, housing, and leisure.' (p. 13) 
• For more information: Sustainable Development Goals: Voluntary National Review Report

2020 

• 'As committed in the first Voluntary National Reviews in 2019, Bangladesh has constructed Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to measure the deprivation of the population in three dimensions, viz. health, education, and living standard. Information from Table 1.5 reveals that the incidence of multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh is 37.5 per cent. On the other hand, the average intensity of poverty, which reflects the share of deprivations each poor person experiences on average, is 46.9 per cent. That is, each poor person is, on average, deprived in 47 per cent of the weighted indicators. The MPI, which is the product of H and A, ascends to 0.176. This means that multidimensional poor people in Bangladesh experience 17.6 per cent of the total deprivations that would be experienced if all people were deprived of all indicators.' (p.34) 
• 'The analysis is also carried out for different sex and age groups. It is found that only 9.3 percent of the population lives in female-headed households, and 19.0 per cent of these females are MPI poor, whereas 90.7 per cent of people live in the male-headed households, and 17.4per cent out of this share are MPI poor. Looking across the distribution it is clear that female-headed households are more likely to suffer from multidimensional poverty than male-headed households. If we look into the age-specific data, we find that there is an increasing and then flattening trend in the MPI as age increases. However, children are more affected by multidimensional poverty.' (p. 35). 
• 'Since inequality persists beyond monetary dimension, proper measures need to be taken for wiping out inequalities in socio-economic and other dimensions so that we can have an egalitarian society free from any kind of disparity. In order to eradicate these non-monetary based inequalities, an innovative tool is Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). (p. 105) 
• 'The General Economics Division of Bangladesh Planning Commission with support from UNICEF-Bangladesh has constructed a national Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for Bangladesh. In total, 11 socio-economic indicators are used in this national index under three major themes, which are health, nutrition and family planning; education; and living standards. The need for MPI is inevitable as MPI could identify spatial disparities based on socio-economic indicators and makes it possible to devise policies that would restrain inequalities across the country. The figure 10.2 depicts the regional deprivation status contributed by each MPI indicator, which clearly show the extent of spatial differences in each division of Bangladesh in 2019. Based on these, the government will take proper policies that can reduce spatial differences in the attainment of above MPI indicators and eventually reduce socio-economic inequalities.' (p. 106) 
• 'The Government is in the process of finalizing the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to estimate multidimensional poverty in the country apart from income or consumption-based poverty estimation. The government’s commitment to social protection, enhancing both in budgetary allocation and in coverage, is evident. Ensuring food security in availability and accessibility are both in the right direction. The government is committed to providing electricity to every household by 2021 and access to electricity is 96 per cent in January 2020. Social forestry activities are going on involving the community people through plantation beside the roads, embankments, polders, homesteads, fallow lands, etc. to increase the tree coverage. To increase access to justice, resolving cases through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has been encouraged in the country. […] The Government considers poverty as a multidimensional issue and hence multidimensional approaches are needed to tackle it.'  (pp. 168-9) 
• For more information: Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) 2020: Accelerated action and transformative pathways: realizing the decade of action and delivery for sustainable development

2017

• 'the enhanced methodology due to be employed in the Caribbean Development Bank (COB) sponsored country poverty assessment will allow Belize to measure poverty using a national multidimensional definition, which is currently being finalised after a draft was developed as part of the Comprehensive Review of the Social Protection System in Belize conducted last year. This follows the methodology of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).' (p. 20)
• For more information: Belize's Voluntary National Review for the Sustainable Development Goals 2017 

2021 

• 'Significant reductions were also made in terms of multidimensional poverty, with the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) decreasing from 12.7 percent in 2012 to 5.8 percent in 2017.' (p. 25) 
• 'More than five percent of Bhutanese are multi-dimensionally poor, again with wide variations between rural and urban areas. More than 93 percent of Bhutan’s multidimensionally poor reside in rural areas—where opportunities for employment outside agriculture are limited, and where the delivery of social services to remote and isolated areas is more difficult. Children are especially vulnerable, with multidimensional poverty highest for children aged 0-9 years. Bhutan’s first VNR report also noted that despite significantly less rates of poverty in urban areas, increasing urbanisation has given rise to a number of vulnerabilities. For example, an estimated 10 percent of Thimphu city’s population live in informal settlements with lack of access to basic amenities—which if left unaddressed could impede progress in eradicating poverty.' (p. 26) 
• 'Going forward, the MPI target for the 12th FYP is to reduce the multidimensionally poor population to less than 5.8 percent; and the Government is considering increasing the thresholds for some of the related indicators.' (p. 30) 
• For more information: Transformations for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century: Bhutan’s Second Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

2018 

• 'Bhutan is well on track on all SDGs. Poverty rate has been brought down for both income and multidimensional poverty to 8.2 and 5.2 per cent respectively.' (p. 7) 
• 'While multidimensional poverty has reduced significantly rural poverty is much higher than urban poverty: 8.1 per cent compared to 1.2 per cent and children between 0-9 years of age are found to be poorest age group in Bhutan. […] Bhutan’s Child Multidimensional Poverty Index: The effort to end poverty begins with children. Children who grow up in poverty are not only deprived of access to basic health, education, and protection services— they are also more likely to grow up as poor adults due to their diminished capabilities from deprivation and inequity. To break this intergenerational poverty cycle that many societies continue to struggle with, a child-focused approach to eradicating poverty is an absolute necessity. Such an approach could also help address SDG 10, which focuses on reducing inequity. Fortunately, Bhutan is a step ahead in this regard compared to most nations, as the first country in the world to develop a Child Multidimensional Poverty Index (C-MPI). The CMPI based on the BMIS 2010, estimates a Child MPI Rate of 33.4 per cent. The Multidimensional Poverty (MPI) Report 2017 found that while the overall MPI had reduced to 5.8 per cent from 12.7 per cent in 2012, the MPI for children younger than nine years was highest at 7.1 per cent. In addressing child poverty, His Majesty’s district-level kidu services across all 20 Districtss provides support to vulnerable people including children. A designated Kidu Officer in each of the 20 Dzongkhags identifies vulnerable children who are then provided financial and education support. Such interventions are critical, because notwithstanding Bhutan’s exceptional progress against poverty, a recent UNICEF report on the SDGs and children in Bhutan identifies poverty as the most significant form of structural violence against children – with many at high risk of being left behind.' (p.28) 
• 'However, the 2017 MPI report identifies deprivations in years of education as the most significant contributor to multidimensional poverty (32 percent).' (p. 39) 
• 'The Child Multidimensional Poverty Index report (2016) found a high correlation between child poverty and deprivations in improved sanitation.' (p. 47) 
• 'The Government has put in place a Resource Allocation Formula (RAF) for allocating financial resources to Local Government, taking into consideration the multidimensional poverty index and other factors to help direct resources to poorer areas.' (p. 55) 
• For more information: Bhutan’s Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

2023 

• 'Cependant, ce groupe vulnérable est très souvent en proie aux inégalités de tout genre. La pauvreté reste prégnante au niveau des enfants (46,45% selon l’EHCVM 2018). La pauvreté multidimensionnelle (incidence au seuil de 3 privations) est criarde avec un taux de 72,4%. Les enfants du milieu rural sont davantage privés (85,2%) que ceux du milieu urbain (23,9%).' (p. 37) 
• 'L’analyse de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle des enfants (0 à 17 ans) au seuil de 3 privations donne une proportion de 72,4% d’enfants privés. L’incidence ajustée de privation est estimée à 43,8% et l’intensité à 60,5%. Ainsi, les enfants burkinabè pauvres subissent en moyenne 4,2 privations. Par ailleurs, il est noté de forts écarts en fonction du milieu de résidence. Les enfants du milieu rural sont davantage privés (85,2%) que ceux du milieu urbain (23,9%). En milieu rural, les enfants subissent en moyenne 4,3 privations, contre 3,5 privations en milieu urbain. La pauvreté multidimensionnelle a un visage rural qui s’explique par une contribution de 93,2% d’enfants pauvres dans le milieu rural à l’ensemble de la pauvreté. En termes d’incidence des privations pour l’ensemble des enfants, la situation de pauvreté diffère suivant les régions comme l’illustre la carte ci-dessous. La région du Centre enregistre le plus faible taux en termes d’incidence de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle avec 17,3%. La région du Sahel connaît l’incidence des privations la plus élevée (93,2%), suivie des régions du Nord (90,5%) et de l’Est (89,7%). Par ailleurs, parmi ces enfants de 0 à 17 ans, 41% sont simultanément pauvres sur le plan monétaire et multidimensionnel.' (p.43) 
• For more information: Rapport national volontaire 2016-2022, Burkina Faso

2020 

• 'L'analyse de la pauvreté des enfants révèle que plus d'enfants souffrent de pauvreté monétaire (69%) et multidimensionnelle (78,2%) (MODA 2017). La pauvreté prive les enfants de leurs droits fondamentaux à la nutrition, à la santé, à l'eau, à l'éducation, à la protection, au logement et plus encore, ce qui diminue leur capacité à se construire un avenir meilleur pour eux-mêmes et les générations à venir.' (p. 129) 
• For more information: Rapport de l'Examen National Volontaire sur la Mise en Oeuvre des Objectifs de Developpement Durable au Burundi

2021 

• 'Indicateur 1.1.1 : Proportion de la population vivant au-dessous du seuil de pauvreté fixé au niveau international, par sexe, âge, situation dans l’emploi et lieu de résidence (zone urbaine/zone rurale). L’analyse multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté révèle que 85,7% de la population tchadienne vit en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle et 9,9 % est considérée comme vulnérable à la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. L’ampleur des privations mesurée par le score moyen de privation dont souffrent les personnes en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle, s’élève à 62,3%.' (p. 14) 
• For more information: Examen National Volontaire 2021 

2019 

• 'Par ailleurs, le niveau national de pauvreté multidimensionnelle de 2015 a été estimé à 86% (62% en milieu urbain contre 93% en milieu rural). Ainsi, plus de 8 ménages tchadiens sur 10 vivent en situation de pauvreté multidimensionelle.' (p. 25) 
• For more information:  Examen National Volontaire 2019 de la République du Tchad

2023

• 'Indicador 1.2.2: Proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños y niñas de todas las edades que viven en la pobreza, en todas sus dimensiones, con arreglo a las definiciones nacionales. Chile reporta este indicador a través de la estimación de pobreza multidimensional (como índice), para lo cual dispone de una metodología desde el año 2013 (considerando cuatro dimensiones), actualizada el año 2015 a cinco dimensiones: Educación, Trabajo y Seguridad Social, Salud, Vivienda y Entorno, y Redes y Cohesión Social. Al igual que para la pobreza por ingresos, para esta medición se utilizó la Encuesta Casen por lo que la información está disponible para los años 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 y 2017. Para las estimaciones con cinco dimensiones, se usó la información de la Encuesta Casen para 2015 y 2017, alcanzando la medida valores de 20,9% y 20,7% respectivamente, sin observarse diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos años. Sin embargo, para el año 2020, como se mencionó al inicio de este capítulo, la modalidad de aplicación de la Encuesta Casen en pandemia tuvo como consecuencia la no disponibilidad de información para la generación del índice de pobreza multidimensional. A pesar de esto, existe información de 11 de los 15 indicadores sobre carencias en los hogares (Gráfico N° 6), los cuales muestran brechas principalmente por quintil de ingresos.' (pp. 38 – 39) 
• 'Este plan significará mejorar la calidad de vida de 260 mil hogares que podrán tener acceso a una vivienda adecuada, contribuyendo a la disminución del déficit habitacional y por ende a la pobreza multidimensional. […] Los Planes Urbano Habitacionales permiten asegurar la integración social a través del acceso a una vivienda adecuada, incorporando además acceso a equipamiento urbano y espacios públicos, en este sentido contribuyen a la disminución de la pobreza multidimensional y a la urbanización sostenible.' (p. 50) 
• 'Los Planes Urbano Habitacionales permiten asegurar la integración social a través del acceso a una vivienda adecuada, incorporando además acceso a equipamiento urbano y espacios públicos, en este sentido contribuyen a la urbanización sostenible, además de la disminución de la pobreza multidimensional.' (p. 235) 
• For more information: Informe Nacional Voluntario Chile 2023

2019

• 'Durante la última década, Chile ha mostrado grandes avances en términos sociales que se expresan en una importante reducción de la tasa de pobreza por ingresos. Si en el año 2006 el porcentaje de personas que estaba bajo la línea de pobreza era de 29,1%, en el 2017 solo 8,6% de la población se encontraba en esta situación Esta disminución, si bien es relevante, no es suficiente, ya que al complementar esta tasa con la de “pobreza multidimensional” se constata que hay un stancamiento en la mejora de las condiciones de vida de la población Si bien el porcentaje de personas en situación de pobreza multidimensional ha disminuido en el tiempo, en las últimas mediciones se observó un estancamiento que señala que 20,7% de la población se encontraba en esta situación para el año 2017.' (p. 38) 
• 'En Chile, la pobreza multidimensional alude a la situación de personas que forman parte de hogares que no logran alcanzar condiciones adecuadas de vida en un conjunto de cinco dimensiones relevantes del bienestar, entre las que se incluye: 1) Educación; 2) Salud; 3) Trabajo y seguridad Social; 4) Vivienda y entorno; y, 5) Redes y cohesión social Dichas condiciones son observadas a través de un conjunto ponderado de 15 indicadores (tres por cada dimensión) con los que se identifican carencias en los hogares Los hogares que acumulan un 22,5% o más de carencias se encuentran en situación de pobreza multidimensional.' (footnote on page 38) 
• 'Para el levantamiento de los 16 grupos se elaboró un instrumento denominado Mapa de la Vulnerabilidad, el cual identificó a la población que se encuentra en una condición difícil de ser superada Este mapa se construyó a partir de las carencias de la pobreza multidimensional, beneficiarios de distintos programas sociales y entrevistas con representantes de diferentes fundaciones y corporaciones de la sociedad civil Una vez que se tuvo un primer listado de los grupos, se realizó una consulta en la que se le solicitó a más de mil representantes de diferentes sectores de la sociedad, líderes de opinión, académicos, autoridades regionales y parlamentarios que priorizaran entre los grupos que se habían identificado De esta forma se obtuvo el listado de 16 grupos vulnerables que hoy se abordan en las mesas de trabajo.' (p. 39) 
• For more information: Informe Nacional Voluntario Chile 2019

2017 

• 'Sin embargo, el 20,9% de la oblación vive en pobreza multidimensional y la desigualdad de ingresos continua siendo elevada. Se requieren, por lo tanto, acciones integrales de protección, promoción de capacidades y respeto de derechos, especialmente de manera transversal a grupos más vulnerables –mujeres, niños y niñas, pueblos indígenas, inmigrantes, personas mayores, con discapacidad y en situación de calle-, reduciendo además brechas de género y territoriales.' (p. 2) 
• 'En 2015 el número de personas en situación de pobreza multidimensional se estima en 3.547.184, equivalente al 20,9%. La metodología de medición considera 5 dimensiones del bienestar: Educación, Salud, Trabajo y Previsión Social, Vivienda y Entorno, y Redes y Cohesión Social. Al analizar la situación de pobreza por ingresos y multidimensional, de manera simultánea, se constata que del 11,7% de personas en situación de pobreza por ingresos, un 4,5% se encuentra además en situación de pobreza multidimensional, mientras que el 7,1% restante se encuentra sólo en situación de pobreza por ingresos. Por su parte, en el caso de las personas identificadas en situación de pobreza multidimensional, un 16,4% se encuentra sólo en esta situación. Al estudiar las carencias de los hogares que subyacen esta medición multidimensional de pobreza en 2015, se observa que: respecto de la dimensión Educación 2,3% de los hogares presentaba carencias en asistencia escolar; 2,2% en rezago escolar y 30,2% en escolaridad. En la dimensión Salud 4,9% de los hogares contaba con al menos un niño(a) que presentaba carencia en Malnutrición; 6,1% de los hogares estaba carente en Adscripción al Sistema de Salud y 5,1%, en Atención en salud. En relación a la dimensión Trabajo y Seguridad Social 9,3% de los hogares registraba carencias en Ocupación; 32,3% de los hogares tenía algún miembro carente en Seguridad Social y 9,8%, en Jubilación. En la dimension Vivienda y Entorno el 19% de los hogares estaban carentes en Habitabilidad; 3,6%enServicios Básicos y 9,9% en Entorno. Finalmente, en cuanto a la dimensión Redes y Cohesión social, 5,3% de los hogares estaba carente en Apoyo y participación social; 14,9% en Trato Igualitario, y 11,1%en Seguridad. Por zona de residencia, urbana y rural, se verifica que en 2015 un menor porcentaje de los habitantes de zonas urbanas estaban en situación de pobreza multidimensional (18,8%) en comparación con zonas rurales (35,2%). Por regiones, destacan las diferencias entre las regiones de Magallanes donde 9,2% de la población se encontraba en pobreza multidimensional el 2015 (cifra más baja a nivel nacional), y la Región de La Araucanía, donde alcanza el 29,2%. Por grupos de población, se constató lo siguiente: a) El 21,4% de los hombres y 20,4% de las mujeres se encontraba en pobreza multidimensional; b) Por grupos de edad, el menor porcentaje se observó entre personas de 30 a 44 años de edad con 17,7% y en mayor, en la población de 0 a 17 años (23,3%); c) El porcentaje de población perteneciente a pueblos indígenas en situación de pobreza multidimensional alcanzaba el 30,8%, en contraste con el 19,9%de la población no perteneciente a pueblos indígenas.' (p. 20) 
• 'Respecto de los instrumentos, Chile ha perfeccionado la metodología de medición de pobreza por ingresos, actualizando a los patrones de consumo actuales, e incorporando recientemente una medición de pobreza multidimensional. Complementariamente, se creó el Registro Social de Hogares, un sistema comprehensivo que apoya la selección de los usuarios de prestaciones sociales. La información disponible permite constatar tendencias positivas en evolución de la pobreza, destacándose una disminución de la proporción de población tanto en situación de pobreza por ingresos como en pobreza multidimensional. No obstante, se mantiene vigente el propósito de fortalecer un sistema de protección social que favorezca un desarrollo social inclusive. […] La pobreza multidimensional es abordada desde los sectores de Educación, Salud, Trabajo y Vivienda, entre otros. Fundamentalmente, se ha avanzado en cobertura y calidad del Sistema de Protección Social que se ha venido construyendo desde principios del año 2000. En este contexto, se ha diseñado el Subsistema Nacional de Apoyos y Cuidados (SNAC) para personas mayores y en situación de discapacidad, como parte del Sistema Intersectorial de Protección Social. Adicionalmente, se ha ampliado gradualmente la cobertura del Subsistema de Protección Integral a la Infancia “Chile Crece Contigo” hasta Cuarto Básico (9 años), y se está incorporando el enfoque de derechos en el Subsistema de Seguridades y Oportunidades.' (p. 22) 
• For more information: Informe Nacional Voluntario 2017
• Please also see pp. 57 – 61 

2021

• 'Al analizar el comportamiento del porcentaje de población en condición de pobreza medida de manera multidimensional (meta ODS 1.2), en 2019 el índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM) se ubicó en 17,5 %, lo que representó una reducción de 1.6 pp con respecto a 2018, cuando 650 mil personas superaron esta condición de vulnerabilidad (DANE, 2021c).' (p. 28) 
• For more information: Acelerar la Implementacion Para Una Recuperacion Sostenible

2018

• 'Una de las grandes apuestas de Colombia es reducir la pobreza medida por el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM), que incluye el acceso a servicios públicos domiciliarios de agua y saneamiento como uno de sus cinco componentes. Para el país, el acceso a estos servicios representa un vehículo para mejorar las condiciones de habitabilidad de las viviendas y aumentar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, es un elemento esencial para mejorar las condiciones de salud e incrementar los índices de crecimiento y competitividad.' (p. 25) 
• 'Si bien se trata de una de las 10 zonas más ricas en biodiversidad del planeta, es a su vez una de las más pobres del país, con unos índices de pobreza monetaria de 58,7% en Chocó, 21% en el Valle del Cauca y 40,2% en Nariño (DANE, 2017); y con un Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional para la Región Pacifico, sin incluir Valle del Cauca, de 33,8% (DANE, 2016).' (p. 128) 
• For more information: Reporte Nacional Voluntario Colombia 

2016 

• 'A partir de lo anterior, se hacen evidente las interrelaciones existentes entre los ODS 3, 8 y 13 como causas directas de la pobreza. Al atacar estas causas, se puede contribuir de manera directa al cumplimiento del ODS 1 en su conjunto. Por ejemplo, un mayor acceso a servicios oportunos y de calidad en salud con un enfoque en los más vulnerables contribuye a la disminución de la vulnerabilidad, en particular a las dimensiones de salud en la pobreza multidimensional, a la productividad de la población más pobre, y a su capacidad de enfrentar enfermedades graves y complejas sin afectar su condición económica.' (p. 27) 
• 'Pobreza multidimensional: La disminución de la pobreza en Colombia no sólo se ha dado por ingresos sino en todas sus dimensiones. La medición de pobreza multidimensional a partir de la metodología de Alkire y Foster de OPHI, mide variables agrupadas en cinco dimensiones: Condiciones educativas del hogar, condiciones de la niñez y la juventud, trabajo, salud, y condiciones de la vivienda y servicios públicos. Los resultados muestran que en el año 2010, el 30,4% de la población en Colombia era pobre multidimensional, mientras que en el año 2015 solo lo es el 20,2%, es decir 4 millones de personas superaron carencias en dimensiones de empleo, salud y acceso a servicios públicos. Se espera que, al finalizar el cuatrienio (2014-2018), 1,5 millones de personas más superen esta condición. Revisando por desagregaciones, la pobreza multidimensional se redujo tanto para hombres como para mujeres, en todos los grupos de edad, para los habitantes urbanos y rurales y en todas las regiones del país. Se destaca la reducción de la pobreza multidimensional en los niños de cero a 5 años (-13,2 pp), en los habitantes del área rural (-13,1 pp) y en la región Caribe (-14,3 pp) para el mismo periodo. Los logros en pobreza multidimensional para los niños menores de 5 años se deben en gran parte a la Estrategia de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia De Cero a Siempre, la cual impacta de forma directa cada una de las dimensiones de la pobreza multidimensional. Por su parte, la reducción de la pobreza en el área rural se ha logrado por los avances en el aseguramiento en salud y las mejoras sustanciales en las dimensiones de educación: (reducción del rezago escolar, disminución del bajo logro educativo y del analfabetismo). No obstante, se siguen manteniendo brechas muy importantes en los niveles de ingresos y en las variables de saneamiento básico entre el área urbana y el área rural.' (p. 30) 
• For more information: Presentación Nacional Voluntaria de Colombia: Los ODS como instrumento para Consolidar la Paz

2020 

• 'The third target is reducing the percentage of poor households, measured according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). For the 2019 period, the MPI was 16.6%, the lowest level both nationally and by area. Government measures and interventions helped solve deficiencies of households in various dimensions, particularly the percentage of households with internet access.' (p. 27) 
• 'Costa Rica has tried to incorporate a public intervention design to make better use of existing evidence and technologies, with a human-centered approach to all institutional work. Goods and services are to be provided considering each person’s specificities and optimizing existing resources. In this sense, two good practices in poverty reduction and one in the optimization of health care services can be highlighted. One of these tools is the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which is an aggregated measurement to identify multiple deficiencies at the household and individual levels in the areas of health, education, housing, work, and social protection. It reflects all deprivations people may be suffering at the same time. It also acts as a valuable complement to income-based poverty measurement tools. Combining the MPI with the National Household Survey (ENAHO), additional characteristics may be derived from the index, such as territorial expression, type of deprivation per household, and monitoring data to reveal whether it is successful or not. In 2017, the government determined the MPI be used by fourteen institutions; in 2019, a national target to reduce multidimensional poverty was contemplated in the PNDIP. Additionally, the MPI provided an opportunity to define a poverty reduction strategy integrating public policy based on the population’s particular needs. That strategy is called Puente al Desarrollo “Bridge to Development”.' (page 29; details of “Bridge to Development” subsequently detailed) 
• 'Since 2011, more than 100 companies have been trained in the methodology of a multidimensional evaluation of poverty. Several programs and strategies focused on detected priority areas have been developed by identifying the socioeconomic reality of more than 10,000 households. The priority commitment is to fight poverty, starting with extreme poverty, inside their organizations through training, financial education, and public-private partnerships. Additionally, in 2017 Horizonte Positivo launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index tool for business use. Currently, 61 companies use this tool to identify the socioeconomic reality of more than 27 thousand households and to plan strategies to bridge the gaps identified.' (p. 59) 
• 'In the case of multidimensional poverty since 2015, it has decreased 2.7 pp going from 21.8% to 19.1% in the country in the period 2015 - 2018. These results have been obtained from many angles, including the public interventions that have been upheld over time and the new ones of the recent administrations, for example, the implementation of “Puente al Desarrollo”, with an emphasis on households and people living in areas in extreme poverty, through the articulation of 22 programs run by 14 public institutions, as well as the articulation of selective social programs (SSP), including: “Programa Avancemos” [Advance Program] for the school retention of young students in secondary education, the “Red de Cuido” [Network of Care for minors] and the care of senior citizens in Shelters, Day Care Centers and Homes, Pensions of the Non-Contributory Regime, among other interventions.' (p. 123) 
• For more information: II Voluntary National Review

2017 

• 'Del total de los hogares, 37.3% constituyen hogares con jefaturas femeninas, de los cuales 42.9% son hogares pobres por Línea de Pobreza (LP) e Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM).' (p. 6) 
• 'Incorporación del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) Como complemento a la medición tradicional por Línea de Pobreza (LP), Costa Rica incorporó el IPM, en octubre 2015, como insumo para que las instituciones identifiquen aspectos para la reducción efectiva de la pobreza, implementando iniciativas novedosas, para que se evalúen la efectividad de las políticas, programas y proyectos y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población con especial atención a los segmentos poblacionales tradicionalmente excluidos, tales como personas con discapacidad, indígenas, mujeres, migrantes, entre otros. De este modo, el INEC implementa cinco dimensiones de desarrollo humano las cuales poseen indicadores que miden el umbral de privaciones que indican los niveles socio-económicos de los hogares en educación, vivienda, salud, trabajo y protección social (Tabla 2).' (p. 29) 
• 'Elaborar una propuesta estatal para aquellas personas adultas mayores que superan la Línea de pobreza o la Pobreza Multidimensional, pero que no satisfacen a cabalidad todas sus necesidades. De este modo, las personas adultas mayores proponen que la „Estrategia Puente al Desarrollo‟ amplíe población meta a personas adultas mayores en condiciones socioeconómicas vulnerabilizadas.' (p. 36) 
• For more information: Costa Rica: Construyendo una visión compartida del desarrollo sostenible

2021 

• 'Bajo tales preceptos, la utilización de indicadores multidimensionales potenciados internacionalmente – como el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) – resultan adecuados en el caso de Cuba para evaluar sus avances en la erradicación de la pobreza (metas 1.1 y 1.2) considerando que una potencial privación monetaria o material no impide el acceso, disfrute y resultados superiors en áreas como educación, salud, trabajo, impactos ambientales, condiciones de vida, seguridad y asistencia social y otras dimensiones del desarrollo humano.' (p. 55) 
• 'Con relación al Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional, Cuba se encuentran entre los valores más bajos del mundo en el IPM Global (lugar 7 al 10 entre 104 países que se calcula, según el Reporte Mundial de 2020) en su índice e incidencia y vulnerabilidad. El total de Pobres Multidimensionados en una población de 11,2 millones de personas sería de 50 mil (Cuadro III.1.2).' (p. 57) 
• For more information: Informe Nacional Voluntario Cuba 2021

2020 

• 'En définitive, le développement social et humain en RDC demeure précaire avec un indice de pauvreté multidimensionnelle (IPM) de 0,185. Plus de 40% des congolais vivent dans une pauvreté multidimensionnelle avec plusieurs privations.' (p. 41) 
• For more information: Rapport d'Examen National Volontaire des Objectifs de Developpement Durable 

2022 

• 'En 2020, en droite ligne de l’Agenda 2030 pour le développement durable, le gouvernement djiboutien a décidé de compléter la mesure strictement monétaire de la pauvreté par une approche multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté prenant en compte d’autres paramètres comme l’éducation, la santé, l’emploi, l’assainissement ou les conditions de vie. Cela dans le but de « mieux mesurer et cibler la pauvreté́ en vue d’aider les décideurs publics à mieux prioriser leurs actions, à utiliser les ressources publiques de manière plus efficace mais également à mieux surveiller l’efficacité́ des politiques sociales et mesures de lutte contre la pauvreté́ »11. Ainsi, le taux d’incidence de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle est de 33,7% en 2017 contre 46,6% en 2012 alors que celui de la pauvreté monétaire extrême est passé de 23% en 2012 à 21,1% en 2017. Les privations sont fortes dans « l’assainissement (64%), les matériaux de construction ou habitat (61%) et la possession d’équipements (51%) » et moindres dans « l’accès à l’eau (6%), la satisfaction de l’accès aux soins (11%), la fréquentation scolaire (12%), le combustible de cuisson, l’accès à l’électricité́ et l’accès aux soins (18%) ». En revanche, « la situation des ménages en matière d’emploi (+ 7,5%), d’assainissement (+0.6%) et d’accès à l’électricité́ (+0,3%) a connu une légère détérioration » 12. Ici aussi, il ressort que le milieu rural est plus touché par la pauvreté multidimensionnelle (88,7%) que les zones urbaines 57,9%), et les régions plus que la capitale.' (p. 14) 
• 'La pauvreté se manifeste à Djibouti à travers deux dimensions : la pauvreté monétaire et la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Globalement, 35,8 % des djiboutiens vivaient sous le seuil national de la pauvreté en 2017. Ce taux se chiffrait à 40 % en 2012 et à 46 % en 2002. Par ailleurs, la proportion de la population reconnue extrêmement pauvre était de 21,1 % en 2017, 23 % en 2012 et 24,1 % en 2002. Ces résultats montrent que la pauvreté, à Djibouti, a baissé globalement de 10,2 points de pourcentage sur la période 2002-2017 tandis que la pauvreté extrême continue de persister (seulement 3 % de baisse entre 2002 et 2017).' (p. 46) 
• 'S’agissant de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle, elle a été mesurée à Djibouti en 2012 et en 2017. Elle prend appui sur cinq dimensions différentes, à savoir l’éducation, la santé, les conditions de vie, l’environnement sanitaire et l’emploi. L’indice de pauvreté multidimensionnelle (IPM) est le produit de l’incidence et l’intensité de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. L’incidence étant 33,6 % et l’intensité étant 47,73 %, il en sort que l’IPM est de 0,161 en 2017. L’incidence nationale de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a diminué de 46,61 % à 33,66 %, ce qui veut dire que moins de citoyens sont en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle : cela mène à une baisse de l’IPM de 0,223 à 0,161. Cependant, l’intensité de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a diminué de manière peu notable (47,8 % en 2012 à 47,73 % en 2017). Ceci signifie que ceux qui sont pauvres demeurent dans la même situation en termes de privation et continuent de faire face à des privations pour 6 indicateurs sur les 14 retenus. La pauvreté multidimensionnelle tout comme la pauvreté monétaire est surtout un phénomène rural. La pauvreté est significativement plus élevée dans le milieu rural que dans le milieu urbain. L’incidence de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle dans le milieu rural est quatre fois plus élevée que celle dans le milieu urbain (51,3 % contre 11,8 % en 2017). En milieu urbain, la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a diminué de 13 % en 2017 par rapport à 2012 alors que la proportion des pauvres en zone rurale n’a pas évolué. Cela souligne une forte disparité d’opportunités entre les milieux ruraux et urbains qui est en train de s’agrandir.' (p. 47) 
• For more information: Examen National Volontaire

2021

• 'Los citados programas se inscriben en el acelerador de “Bajos niveles de pobreza multidimensional”, entre cuyas intervenciones se encuentran las relacionadas con la reducción del matrimonio infantil y las uniones tempranas. En tal sentido, un paso de avance fue el establecimiento de la Ley 1-21, promulgada por el Poder Ejecutivo el 6 de enero de 2021, la cual tiene por objeto prohibir que las personas menores de 18 años contraigan matrimonio.' (p. 22) 
• 'Hasta el momento se han desarrollado dos de los cinco aceleradores: Pobreza multidimensional y Producción y consume sostenibles. En el caso del primer acelerador correspondiente a Bajos Niveles de Pobreza Multidimensional, se elaboró una estrategia que se enfoca en la multidimensionalidad de la pobreza como una situación concreta de vida de muchas personas, marcada por un conjunto de privaciones que no sólo restringen la calidad de vida, sino también las oportunidades. Eso amerita pensar en los factores determinantes de la persistencia de la pobreza, en especial en grupos de población y territorios específicos, y en las intervenciones que pueden acelerar el cambio, sustentado en un enfoque de sostenibilidad de los logros de las políticas para evitar recaídas. En respuesta a este particular mandato y compromise nacional se inició en marzo del 2018 la Estrategia para la Implementación del ODS 1: hacia la erradicación de la pobreza multidimensional en República Dominicana[ 55] la cual se concentró en formular un documento altamente participativo y consensuado que sirva como instrumento para priorizar y acelerar las acciones más costo-efectivas para el logro de las metas del ODS 1 (fin de la pobreza) desde una perspectiva multidimensional como lo plantea el acelerador. La estrategia cuenta con un Plan de Acción de mediano y largo plazo, con visión al 2030 y con los lineamientos necesarios para la implementación de políticas celeradoras para alcanzar las metas y sus interconexiones.' (p. 94) 
• For more information: Informe Nacional Voluntario 2021

2018

• Report indicates that the government, with the United Nations System support, identified five policy areas (accelerators) that would help to speed up the achievement of the SDGs, one of them is multidimensional poverty reduction.
• For more information: Informe Nacional Voluntario 2018

2020 

• 'En esa línea, se han diseñado políticas para enfrentar la pobreza multidimensional, condición que en el país es medida a través de la Tasa de Pobreza Multidimensional (TPM) nacional, que identifica la existencia de multiples carencias en los ámbitos de salud, educación, trabajo y hábitat. Dicho indicador pasó de 37,5% a 35,2%, entre 2014 y 2016, con una variación de 2,3 puntos porcentuales. A pesar de eso, las condiciones coyunturales incidieron para que el indicador llegue a 38,1%, en 2019. En el ámbito local, la TPM rural presentó un comportamiento similar al nacional. Para 2019, el indicador alcanzó el 71,1%, mientras que entre los años 2014 y 2017 tuvo una variación de 1,4 puntos porcentuales al pasar de 64,7% a 63,3%, respectivamente. Enfrentar la pobreza, en sus distintas dimensiones, requiere de soluciones interinstitucionales y multisectoriales que permitan consolidar un sistema de protección social adaptado al ciclo de vida de las personas y con énfasis en los grupos más vulnerables. Es imperante el trabajo relacionado con la promoción y la calidad del empleo, el acceso y permanencia en el sistema educativo, la igualdad de género, la lucha contra el trabajo infantil y el derecho a una vivienda digna.' (p. 45) 
• 'La pobreza multidimensional en Ecuador contempla 4 dimensiones y 12 indicadores: 1. Educación (inasistencia a educación básica y bachillerato, no acceso a educación superior por razones económicas, logro educativo incompleto); 2. Trabajo y seguridad social (no contribución al sistema de pensiones, empleo infantil y adolescente, desempleo o empleo inadecuado); 3. Salud, agua y alimentación (servicio de agua por red pública, pobreza extrema por ingresos); y, 4. Hábitat, vivienda y ambiente sano (hacinamiento, déficit habitacional, sin servicio de saneamiento de excretas, sin servicio de recolección de basura). Se considera a una persona pobre multidimensionalmente si tiene privaciones en al menos 4 de los 12 indicadores.' (footnote on p. 45) 
• For more information: Examen Nacional Voluntario Ecuador 2020

2018

• 'La tasa de pobreza multidimensional de Ecuador – que mide las carencias en las dimensiones de educación, trabajo y seguridad social, salud, agua y alimentación, hábitat, vivienda y ambiente sano- alcanzó el 37,4% en 2014 y se redujo al 34,6% en 2017.' (p. 15) 
• 'En 2030, Ecuador propenderá a la erradicación de la pobreza extrema por ingresos y reducirá considerablemente la pobreza multidimensional. Los programas que se desarrollarán se encaminarán hacia el combate de las causas estructurales de la pobreza, tales como la desigualdad y exclusión, entre otros.' (p. 29) 
• 'Entre 2014 y 2017, la tasa de pobreza multidimensional (TPM) 4 nacional logró una reducción de 2,8 puntos porcentuales (de 51,5% a 35,1%), evidenciando importantes avances en los indicadores a nivel nacional. Asimismo, al 2017, la TPM alcanzó el 34,6% con una reducción de 0,5 puntos porcentuales en relación al año anterior (INEC, 2017). Del mismo modo, para lograr un desarrollo integral de la población es fundamental garantizar una vida saludable y promover las condiciones para una vida digna para todos. Las condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas se presentan especialmente en el área rural, en la población indígena y las provincias de la Amazonía, donde superan el 70% (INEC, 2017). Otros factores importantes para alcanzar una vida digna son el hábitat y la vivienda, que deben llegar a toda la población, especialmente a las personas más pobres.' (pp. 30-31) 
• 'El Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) define el conjunto de privaciones de derechos a nivel de los hogares en 4 dimensiones: educación; trabajo y seguridad social; salud, agua y alimentación; hábitat, vivienda y ambiente sano.' (footnote on page 30) 
• For more information: Examen Nacional Voluntario Ecuador 2018
   

2021 

• 'Committed to strengthening access to education as a key factor in reducing multidimensional poverty, Egypt in an SDG Push scenario, supporting the sector with continuous effective reforms, could by 2030 be able to: Maintain primary completion rates at a universal level of 100% or more;  Raise lower secondary completion rates to 100% or more, as opposed to an 82.7% by 2030 without a strong policy push; Similarly, raise upper secondary completion rates to 67.0% as opposed to the 61.5% by 2030.' (p. 35) 
• For more information: Egypt's 2021 Voluntary National Review

2018 

• 'The Government of Egypt recognizes that poverty is not only related to income. In fact, it is a multidimensional phenomenon related to deprivations in health, education, and living conditions. In this vein, the Ministry of Social Solidarity in collaboration with the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and UNICEF Egypt has launched a report entitled “Understanding Multidimensional Child Poverty” to better address poverty in all its forms and to design suitable policies to eradicate it.' (p. 25) 
• For more information: Egypt's Voluntary National Review 2018

2016 

• 'This decrease is also in line with trends in Egypt’s multidimensional poverty index (MPI), which is published by UNDP and Oxford University. The MPI is a recommended indicator for SDG Target 1.2 that promotes to ‘reduce at least half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions’ by 2030. Accordingly to the MPI, Egypt has seen a gradual decrease of multidimensional poverty from 8.2 percent (headcount ratio) in 2005 to 3.6 percent in 2014. These positive changes indicate Egypt’s progress made in tackling extreme poverty and deprivation of its vulnerable populations.' (p. 22) 
• For more information: Egypt National Review Report for input to the 2016 HLPF

2022 

• 'Se mantuvo una tendencia favorable en la reducción de la pobreza multidimensional en un contexto de crisis mundial. Entre 2019 y 2020, el porcentaje de población en hogares con pobreza multidimensional no solo se mantuvo por debajo de un tercio de la población, sino que también se redujo de 32.0% a 30.6%. En los tiempos de la COVID-19 la reducción de la pobreza multidimensional representa una prioridad política de primer orden, al ser una estrategia que permite de manera simultánea gestionar los riesgos del hacinamiento para el resguardo del aislamiento presencial, reducir la pérdida de ingresos y/o de medios de subsistencia y promover la prevención del contagio vía garantía de acceso a servicios de agua potable y saneamiento (PNUD, 2020).' (p. 31) 
• 'La ausencia de mediciones departamentales desagregadas para 2020 limita la generación de un análisis más actualizado sobre el estado territorial de la pobreza multidimensional durante la crisis por la COVID-19. Sin embargo, se reconoce la importancia de impulsar esfuerzos ajustados a las necesidades de los territorios. Según las mediciones de 2019, en 7 de los 14 departamentos del país recibieron la pandemia por la COVID 19, más del 40% de la población vivía en una situación de pobreza multidimensional conforme a la cual presentaba al menos una privación de bienestar que lo hacía ser más vulnerable frente a los efectos de la crisis por la COVID-19. En este contexto, se necesita redoblar esfuerzos para acelerar la reducción de la pobreza multidimensional. De acuerdo con los datos de la línea base para la adopción de los compromisos al 2030, la dimensión del desafío es territorialmente más alta en 6 de los 14 departamentos, en donde la brecha a superar entre 2016 y 2030 está sobre los 25 puntos porcentuales: Ahuachapán, Morazán, Cuscatlán, Usulután, Cabañas y La Unión.' (p. 32) 
• For more information: Informe de la II Revisión Nacional Voluntaria del Proceso de Implementación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).

2017

• 'La medición nacional de pobreza multidimensional, como herramienta complementaria a la medición de pobreza por ingreso, y que busca identificar a las personas y hogares que viven privaciones en la medición de estadísticas oficiales y de indicadores relevantes que midan los compromisos nacionales e internacionales.' (p. 35) 
• 'En 2014, El Salvador inició la Medición Nacional de la Pobreza Multidimensional, con la finalidad de mejorar el diseño de la política pública y evaluar el progreso social del país, además de complementar la tradicional medición de pobreza por ingresos. La medición de la pobreza se basa en indicadores de 5 tipos de privaciones: (i) educación, (ii) condiciones de la vivienda, (iii) trabajo y seguridad social, (iv) salud, servicios básicos y seguridad alimentaria; y (v) calidad del hábitat contribuyendo a la medición de resultados asociados a una de las metas de este objetivo. Como resultado de las dos mediciones multidimensionales, la Tasa de Pobreza Multidimensional, reportó que un 35.2% de los hogares salvadoreños vivían en pobreza multidimensional en el 2014, cifra que disminuyó a 34 % para 2016, equivalentes a 607,138 hogares en los que residen 2,569,774 personas (una incidencia de 21.4% para el área urbana y 56.1% para el área rural). La baja educación de adultos, el hacinamiento, la falta de acceso a seguridad social, el subempleo, la falta de acceso a saneamiento básico y las restricciones debidas a la inseguridad son las principales privaciones de los hogares salvadoreños. Comparando tanto la pobreza por ingresos como la pobreza multidimensional para el mismo año, se tiene que el 34.0% de los hogares son pobres multidimensionales, mientras que el 32.7% de hogares está bajo la línea nacional de pobreza en la medición por ingresos, es decir que no logran cubrir el costo de la canasta básica alimentaria.' (p. 45) 
• For more information: Revision Nacional Voluntaria de la Implementaction de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible en El Salvador

2022

• 'On the other hand, Eswatini’s Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) estimation refer to 2014 with 19.2 percent of the population (218 thousand people) being multidimensionally poor. An additional 20.9 percent are classified as vulnerable to multidimensional poverty (237 thousand people). The breadth of deprivation (intensity) in Eswatini, which is the average deprivation score experienced by people in multidimensional poverty, is 42.3 percent. The MPI, which is the share of the population that is multidimensionally poor, adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations, is 0.081. This means that about 19.2 percent of the population are deprived in 3 or more dimensions. There is a need to channel support to this group of people.' (p. 19) 
• 'Given the multidimensional nature of poverty, SDG 1 is closely interlinked with other SDGs. High in work poverty rates show that employment does not necessarily prevent poverty with about 21 % of all employees worldwide living in poverty in 2021. To tackle this challenge and to ensure that European consumption does not contribute to poverty worldwide, the EU provides comprehensive tools to promote decent work in the EU and worldwide. The Communication on decent work worldwide includes EU policies and initiatives with out reach beyond the EU, EU bilateral and regional relations, the EU in international and multilateral fora, and its engagement with stakeholders and in global partnerships.' (p. 36) 
• For more information: Second Voluntary National Review Report

2019 

• 'The evolving development has resulted in emerging poverty issues including the multi-dimensional nature of poverty. This has necessitated the need to interrogate this phenomenon to better understand its depth and further identify solutions that address the new nature. In this regard the country has benefited from India support through the South-South Cooperation modality administered and facilitated through UNDP office of the United Nations. Through this support the country is conducted the Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) in an effort to understand the multi-dimensional nature of poverty and come up with effective remedial measures to deal with this plight and provide policy guidance. It is participatory in nature as it benefits from participation of the affected populations themselves.' (p. 13) 
• For more information: The Kingdom of ESwatini Voluntary National Review 2019 Report

2023 

• 'Addressing multidimensional poverty and basic needs is among the main priorities of the European Pillar of Social Rights and its Action Plan. The plan turns the 20 Pillar principles into concrete actions to benefit citizens. It also proposes headline targets on employment, skills and poverty reduction for the EU to reach by 2030, a commitment confirmed at the Porto Social Summit of May 2021. The revised social scoreboard is the key tool to monitor progress towards its implementation. Delivering the European Pillar of Social Rights is a shared responsibility for the EU institutions, national, regional and local authorities, social partners, and civil society.' (p. 32) 
• 'Given the multidimensional nature of poverty, the EU pays particular attention to the inter linkages between the SDGs, with actions that can create coben efits and meet multiple objectives in a coherent way.' (p. 37) 
• 'Interlinkage data shows the multidimensional dimension of poverty. EU data for 2022 shows that a total of 170 projects targeted SDG1 as the main SDG. These projects contributed to other interlinked SDGs in a rather comprehensive and balanced manner, notably SDG3, SDG4, SDG5, SDG8 and SDG13. SDG1 was also reported as significant in 593 projects where other SDGs were marked as main SDG. The main contributors were SDG2, SDG8 and SDG16' (p. 212) 
• For more information: EU Voluntary Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

2019

• 'In Ghana, 73.4 percent of children are estimated to be multidimensionally poor as a result of being simultaneously deprived in at least three of the children’s well-being measures – nutrition; health; learning and development; child protection; water; sanitation; housing; and information. There are more multidimensionally poor children in rural than urban areas. Also, the incidence is highest (above 80 percent) in the Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Volta regions (Figure 4.1.6). In general, few significant gender differences exist. For the dimension of learning and development, there is a higher proportion of deprived boys than girls in the 12-14 year age group (49 percent versus 42.6 percent). A higher education level of the mother or household head is associated with lower multidimensional poverty rates across all age groups. For the non-poor children, 2.5 percent have no deprivations while 8.3 percent are deprive in one of the well-being measures. Reducing multidimensional poverty in Ghana requires: adopting a multi-sectoral approach; and ensuring efficient investment in interventions targeting children, especially the youngest ones (0-4 years old), considering their degree of deprivations.' (p. 24) 
• For more information: Ghana: Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

2022 

• 'According to the World Bank, it is estimated that about 25.5 percent of the population live below the national poverty line in 2020. Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) also indicates that about 45.6 percent of the population are multidimensionally poor lacking access to basic services such as health insurance, nutrition, schooling and sanitation. Over 18 percent of the population are observed to be both monetary and multidimensionally poor. A number of these deprivations are predominant among children, women, girls, persons with disabilities, the elderly and rural populations. […] Many children reside in households that are multidimensionally poor, lacking access to basic services such as water, sanitation, health, education (learning and development), social protection and housing.' (p. 9) 
• 'Lack of access to basic services, a measure of multidimensional poverty, has reduced over time but is still higher than monetary poverty. As of 2017, the incidence of multidimensional poverty was 45.6 percent, a reduction from the 2011 figure of 55.0 percent. Male headed households (47.7%) were more multidimensionally poor compared to their female counterparts (40.6%). About 19.3 percent of the population are both monetary and multidimensionally poor while about 26.3 percent who are not monetary poor lack access to basic services. The situation with children is dire. Every 3 out of 4 children are multidimensionally poor. Apart from nutrition and ICT, over 50 percent of children are deprived in the other dimensions, with sanitation (83.4%) being the highest form (Figure 3).' (pp. 14-15) 
• 'COVID-19 is seen to have the potential of disrupting progress, increasing the incidence and intensity of multidimensional and monetary poverty, which are already experienced by most children in Ghana before the pandemic.' (p. 17) 
• For more information: Ghana 2022 VNR 

2021

• 'La meta que busca reducir la proporción de personas en pobreza tiene asociados los indicadores de personas que viven en pobreza y el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IMP-Gt). Para ambos indicadores, el último dato disponible proviene de 2014; sin embargo, debido a que al momento no se dispone de datos desagregados por municipio para el IPM-Gt, se cuenta con información sobre el Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (INBI) 2018, el cual refleja que el 45.3% de los hogares se encuentra en pobreza estructural, esto es, aproximadamente 1.5 millones de hogares con al menos una necesidad básica insatisfecha y, si se compara con el INBI del año 2002, los resultados muestran que a nivel nacional hubo una mejora del 12.3%.' (p. 43) 
• 'En relación con lo anterior, destaca el acompañamiento brindado por UNICEF al MIDES, a través del cual se ha logrado el fortalecimiento del programa de trasferencias condicionadas, la utilización del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional, la realización de diagnósticos de protección social y el fortalecimiento del GEDS.' (pp. 49-50) 
• For more information: ODS En Guatemala III revision Nacional Voluntaria

2019

• 'Los resultados del IPM-Gt para el año 2014 reflejan una incidencia de pobreza multidimensional de 61.6 por ciento, y en una intensidad (número de privaciones) de 48.6 por ciento, esto refleja que, en promedio los hogares pobres multidimensionales padecen ocho privaciones simultáneas. (para más detalle ver Anexo 2 de esta prioridad). Así mismo, la incidencia de la pobreza multidimensional en el área rural es de 82.5% (cerca del doble de incidencia en el área urbana) y sufre una intensidad de 50.8% de las privaciones (es decir, 8.6 privaciones simultáneas, en promedio), mientras que en el área urbana la intensidad es del 44.0% (7.5 privaciones simultáneas en promedio). Las desagregaciones con las que cuenta este indicador son: por área de residencia (urbano-rural), a nivel regional, y por grupo étnico (indígena-no indígena), (ver anexo 2 de esta prioridad). Con respecto a la definición de metas a corto, mediano y largo plazo, se han establecido respetando la meta 1.2 de la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible, en cuanto a reducir la incidencia (H, uno de los dos componentes cuyo producto arroja el cálculo del Índice) a la mitad para 2032. Por lo cual, se fija la meta en términos de IPM-Gt bajo la misma lógica, manteniendo el componente incidencia (A) constante.' (pp. 85-86) 
• 'El PNUD han apoyado al Ministerio de Desarrollo Social – MIDES a través de la implementación de un sistema de Protección Social, digitalización de las fichas socioeconómicas de los y las beneficiarias de los programas sociales. Bajo el liderazgo del MIDES, con apoyo de la Unión Europea, PNUD UNICEF y PMA también se desarrolló del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional – IPM, el proceso que conllevó la creación de un comité interinstitucional, donde se integraron instituciones claves como INE, MINFIN y SEGEPLAN.' (p. 113) 
• For more information: Revision Nacional Voluntaria 2019

2017 

• 'Para reportar este indicador, se consensuó el uso de la información proveniente del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) que publica el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). Este indicador refleja las múltiples carencias que se observan en los hogares y las personas en los ámbitos de la salud, la educación y el nivel de vida; su construcción se realiza a partir de la información proveniente de las encuestas de hogares. Cada miembro de una familia es clasificado como pobre o no pobre en función del número de carencias que experimente su hogar en las tres dimensiones del desarrollo planteadas por las Naciones Unidas. El índice también refleja la intensidad de las carencias, es decir, cuántas de ellas sufren las personas al mismo tiempo. Asimismo, se puede utilizar para realizar comparaciones a nivel nacional, regional y mundial, así como dentro de los países, parangonando la situación de los grupos étnicos, zonas rurales o urbanas y otras características relevantes de los hogares y las comunidades. El IPM ofrece un valioso complemento a las herramientas de medición de la pobreza basadas en los ingresos o el consumo. De conformidad con la información disponible, en la gráfica 1.2 se presenta el comportamiento del IPM a partir del año 2000. Los resultados deben interpretarse de la siguiente manera: un valor más cercano a uno (1) refleja una mayor incidencia de pobreza multidimensional, mientras que un valor más próximo a cero (0) significa una menor incidencia.' (p. 58) 
• 'En ese sentido, en la gráfica 1.2 se puede apreciar que el IPM mejoró de 2000 a 2006, aunque luego de ese período se observa un deterioro, al incrementarse en alrededor de 4 décimas. Esto resulta congruente con la medición de la pobreza por consumo, en donde se muestra un deterioro significativo en los últimos años. En el nivel latinoamericano, Guatemala es el único país que no logró reducir la pobreza, lo cual se explica, entre otros, por la prevalencia de un mercado laboral precario; inversión productiva y social insuficiente; altos niveles de desigualdad e inseguridad ciudadana; deterioro ambiental; rezagos en salud y educación; así como una insuficiente provision de bienes y servicios públicos. El IPM presenta desagregaciones por área (urbana y rural), etnicidad y nivel geográfico (regional y departamental). Asimismo, incluye la incidencia de pobreza tanto en términos relativos (porcentajes) como absolutos (cantidad de habitantes que padecen pobreza multidimensional). Las posibles desagregaciones del IPM permitirán establecer, en el corto plazo, el índice para los grupos poblacionales referidos en el indicador 1.2.2 (hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades). De acuerdo con la tabla 1.3, el IPM muestra que la pobreza multidimensional es más significativa en el área rural, la población indígena y en las regiones norte, noroccidente y suroriente del país.' (p. 59) 
• 'El carácter multidimensional de la pobreza requiere la implementación de acciones e intervenciones en diferentes ámbitos del desarrollo, algunas de ellas relacionadas con sistemas universales de protección social, pisos de protección social, mejora de los ingresos del trabajo, acceso a los servicios sociales (salud, educación, seguridad alimentaria), entre otros. Dado que todas estas acciones constituyen un compromiso de Estado, su financiamiento deberá provenir del Gobierno, el sector privado, la sociedad civil y la cooperación internacional. En este sentido, para conocer las acciones e intervenciones desarrolladas por el Estado de Guatemala en materia de pobreza, protección social y acceso a recursos económicos y servicios básicos, se destaca en la siguiente sección las principales metas relacionadas por sector.' (p. 66) 
• For more information: Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible Examen nacional voluntario, 2017 Guatemala

2020

• confirmed a 'comprehensive policy strategy has been developed' with SEDISS, CENISS and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) which  prioritizes '22 municipalities in the departments of Colón, Cortés, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Intibucá, La Paz, Lempira, Olancho, Valle and Yoro, due to the high prevalence of teenage pregnancy, the incidence of multidimensional poverty, and access to social services.' (p. 73)
• 'La pobreza es un problema de carácter multidimensional, en el cual destacan, en gran medida: las deficiencias en materia de desarrollo humano, particularmente con respecto a la educación y la formación para el trabajo, que afecta la productividad y las oportunidades de generar mayores ingresos; el bajo nivel de crecimiento de la economía y del PIB percápita, lo que afecta el nivel y la calidad de los empleos y, por consiguiente, de los ingresos familiares; y, la desigualdad en la distribución de los ingresos, que concentra los beneficios del crecimiento en los quintiles más altos.' (p. 25) 
• Find out more: Il informe nacional voluntario de la agenda 2030: de la recuperación al desarrollo sostenible

2017

• Honduras uses a national MPI as an official measure of poverty to track SDG1. It observed that its MPI helps it to advance not only in SDG1 but also in other SDGs such as food security (SDG2), Education (SDG4), Water and sanitation (SDG6) and others.
• 'Queremos destacar los esfuerzos orientados a la definición y próxima actualización del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM), relacionado directamente con pobreza por ingresos (ODS1), seguridad alimentaria (ODS 2); servicios de educación (ODS 4); agua potable y saneamiento (ODS 6); y, otros servicios básicos. Asimismo, trabajamos en otros proyectos de mucha importancia para los más pobres, como el denominado Corredor Seco, donde tratamos de combatir los efectos del cambio climático, al tiempo que llevamos ayuda alimentaria y asistencia técnica para la producción.' (p. 4) 
• 'Para el seguimiento del ODS 1, Honduras se comprometió a adoptar el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM-HN), como medida oficial de la pobreza, complementaria a la medición de la pobreza por ingresos, mediante el apoyo técnico con la Iniciativa de Pobreza y Desarrollo Humano de la Universidad de Oxford para la Pobreza y Desarrollo Humano (OPHI, por sus siglas en inglés). Este esfuerzo cuenta con la participación de miembros técnicos de Gobierno, Academia, Sociedad Civil, Empresa Privada y Cooperación Internacional. Se cuenta con una metodología para la estimación del Índice, con base en la información disponible en la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples 2013 (EPHPM) del INE.' (pp. 9-10) 
• 'Para la implementación del ODS 1, que plantea el Objetivo 1. Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas y en todo el mundo, el Gobierno de Honduras se comprometió a adoptar la medición de la pobreza multidimensional, como medida oficial de la pobreza, complementaria a la medida oficial de pobreza por ingreso. En cumplimiento del compromiso anterior, se firmó un Convenio de Apoyo Técnico con la Iniciativa de Pobreza y Desarrollo Humano de la Universidad de Oxford, (OPHI, por sus siglas en inglés), se conformaron equipos técnicos multidisciplinarios con participación de los entes del Gobierno relacionados con el estudio y medición de la pobreza, a fin de elaborar la metodología para la medición de la pobreza multidimensional en Honduras (IPM-HN). Reconociendo que la solución de la pobreza involucra a toda la sociedad, se integró la Comisión Técnica del IPM-HN, por miembros de la Academia, Sociedad Civil, Empresa Privada, ONU (UNICEF, PMA, FAO, PNUD), y Cooperación Internacional (Banco Mundial y Unión Europea) donde se discute y aprueba la metodología propuesta por el equipo de Gobierno, y después aprobada oficialmente para implementar por su Comisión de Alto Nivel conformada para ello. Honduras desarrolló una metodología y calculó el IPM-HN en base a la información disponible en la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples 2013 (EPHPM) del INE y su lanzamiento se realizó el 23 de agosto del 2016. Se continúa trabajando en mejorar la metodología, agregando dimensiones e indicadores relevantes respecto a la política nacional en el combate de la pobreza, que no fueron incluidos en la primera fase por falta de la información requerida en la EPHPM. Entre las nuevas dimensiones a considerar se contemplan: salud, seguridad alimentaria, seguridad ciudadana, entre otros, que están insertas en varios ODS y sus metas.' (pp. 32-33) 
• Find out more: Examen Nacional Para la Revision Voluntaria Agenda 2030

2020

• 'In its war against poverty, India with its focus on economic growth and social inclusion, has halved the incidence of multidimensional poverty by lifting 271 million from the most vulnerable sections of society out of poverty, while reducing extremeincome poverty from 21.2 per cent in 2011 to 13.4 per cent in 2015. Deprivations have significantly reduced across nutrition, child mortality, education, sanitation and drinking water, electricity and housing, and other basic services.' (p. 4) 
• 'The incidence of multidimensional poverty, as measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index of OPHI and UNDP, reduced by half to 27.5 per cent between 2005-06 and 2015-16, implying that over 271 million people escaped poverty. Deprivations significantly reduced in all 10 indicators – nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing and assets. Poverty reduction in rural areas has outpaced that in urban areas. Improvement among the bottom 40 per cent exceeded that of the total population.' (p. 31) 
• 'Scheduled Castes (SCs) comprise 16.6 per cent of the total population of the country, of which over 154 million reside in rural areas and 48 million in urban areas. The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by OPHI and UNDP, which is constructed taking deprivations in education, health and standard of living into account, pegged the incidence of multidimensional poverty among SCs at 32.9 per cent. While the incidence decreased from 65 per cent to 32.9 per cent between 2005 and 2016 for SCs, it overall decreased from 54.7 per cent to 27.5 per cent at the country level. The vulnerabilities associated with SCs are recognised through various Constitutional provisions to protect their interests through affirmative action.' (p. 151) 
• For more information: India VNR 2020: Decade of Action Taking SDGs from Global to Local 

2017

• 'In a significant move towards addressing multi-dimensional poverty, data from the SocioEconomic Caste Census, 2011 is being used to identify beneficiaries for development programmes based on various deprivations suffered by households. This is aligned with the policy of ensuring that "no one is left behind"' (p. 8)
• For more information: Voluntary National Review Report: On the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals

2017 

• Indonesia is working 'to ascertain multidimensional poverty in order to improve poverty alleviation programs to be effective in identifying the roots causes of poverty, which are different in each region.' (pp. 19-20)
• For more information: Voluntary National Review Eradicating Poverty and Promoting Prosperity in a Changing World 

2019 

• 'A critical next step for Jamaica is the development of a tailored multidimensional poverty index for the country. The approach being considered departs from the conventional, as it seeks to engage community participation in determining the indicators most relevant to the country.' (p. 25)
• For more information: Jamaica Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development June 2018 

2015 

• Reported that Jordan is developing 'a multi-dimensional poverty index specific to Jordan (still in progress), based on the right to a decent and dignified life as opposed to the fulfilment of basic-needs approach.' (p. 40)
• For more information: Jordan’s Way to Sustainable Development First National Voluntary review on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda

• 'A sizeable proportion of Kenya’s population continues to suffer multidimensional poverty and exclusion from basic social and economic benefits and opportunities for sustainable livelihoods. Poverty is more prevalent in rural than urban areas. Forty (40) per cent of the rural population lives in poverty compared to 27.5 per cent of the peri-urban and 29.4 per cent of the core-urban population. Households in rural areas on average spend less than half of what is spent by the households in the core-urban areas.' (p. 29)
• '...during the 2017-2019 period, the multidimensional poverty among men, women and children was 38.9 per cent while geographically, the multidimensional poverty was 20.3 per cent for urban areas and 48.4 per cent for rural areas.' (p. 38) 
• For more information: Second Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

2020

• 'The Multidimensional Poverty Index has been used in the Kyrgyz Republic since 2016, with the measurement methodology for assessing multidimensional poverty approved in 2020.” (page 11) “National data shows that there are substantial in-country geographic variations in the development level, with concentration of prevailing multidimensional poverty ‘hotspots’ in rural and remote areas in the Kyrgyz Republic.' (p. 32)
• '… on the basis of the global methodology for measuring the Multidimensional Poverty Index, a National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) has been developed, which includes eleven indicators in five areas of measurement: health, monetary poverty, housing conditions, food security and education.' (p. 139)
• For more information: Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2020

2021 

• 'Reduction in population in multidimensional poverty. The proportion of population in multidimensional poverty has declined over the years reducing from 40.4% in 2012 to 23.1% in 2017. The percentage of children who are multi-dimensionally deprived also decreased from 33.1% in 2013 to 22% in 2018.' (p. 28) 
• For more information: Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2021

2022

• 'Consisting of around 71 per cent of the population, people living in the rural areas are also a group particularly vulnerable in Lesotho. Often with less access to basic services such as health, education, and energy, as well as income-generating opportunities, the people living in the rural areas tend to be multidimensionally poorer than their urban peers.' (p. 24) 
• 'Lesotho currently only measures multidimensional poverty for children aged 0 -17 years. The country has recorded an improvement in multidimensional child poverty from 2014 to 2018. The proportion of children in all age groups, who are multidimensionally poor, declined by 19.9 per cent from 65.4 per cent in 2014 to 45.5 per cent in 2018. A child is considered multidimensionally poor if they are simultaneously deprived in three or more dimensions of their well-being in their respective age group. The largest drop in multidimensional poverty is in the two middle-age groups and the lowest drop (6.9 per cent) is experienced by infants ((0-23 months). For instance, early childhood (aged 24-59 months) and primary childhood (5-12 years) experienced 20.4 per cent and 21.1 per cent, respectively. With regards to different age groups, infants (children aged 0-23 months) still have the largest incidence of poverty at 68.8 per cent while primary childhood (aged 5-12 years) has the lowest incidence of multidimensional poverty at 38.2 per cent. The deprivation overlaps are relatively higher among infants and early childhood than in the older age groups, which is further evidence of the vulnerability of children younger than five years in Lesotho.' (p. 29) 
• For more information: Voluntary National Review on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022

2019 

• 'Profiling Multidimensional Child-Poverty in Lesotho: 1) 65.4 percent of all children (aged 0-17 years) are multidimensionally poor. 2) Multidimensional child poverty is significantly higher in rural area compared to urban areas (72 and 43 percent respectively). 3) At regional level, Maseru has the lowest proportion of multidimensional poor children (56 percent), while Mokhotlong and Thaba-Tseka have the highest multidimensional poverty rates among children (85 and 84 percent respectively). 4) The proportion of multidimensional poor children is higher in mountain locations compared to lowlands (82 and 52.7 percent respectively). 5) Difference in child deprivation based on gender are relatively small for younger children. For older children, the gender disparities are more visible, particularly with respect to education, which affects 72 percent of boys aged 13-17 compared to 50 percent of girls in the same age group. 6) Orphan-hood is a condition that enhances multidimensional child poverty. 7. Multidimensional poverty rates are higher for girls experiencing early pregnancies compared to girls who have not been pregnant (92 and 69 percent respectively).' (p. 32) 
• For more information: The Kingdom of Lesotho Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Agenda 2030 Report 2019

2022

• 'The 2021 United Nations multidimensional poverty index establishes 52.3 percent as multi-dimensional poor, which translates into 2.6 million poor. In 2019, the number of multidimensional poor was estimated at 2.5 million. The United Nations estimates that the population in severe multidimensional poverty is 24.9 percent and population vulnerable to multidimensional poverty is 23.3 percent.' (p. 25) 
• For more information: Liberia: Voluntary National Review of the Goals of the 2030 Agenda

2020 

• 'An alternative measure of poverty levels, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) multidimensional poverty index, captures multiple, overlapping deprivations across the three dimensions of education, health, and living standards. A multidimensional approach to measuring poverty recognizes that poverty is multifaceted and may not be adequately captured simply by measuring income, expenditure, and consumption. According to the most recent UNDP Human Development report (which draws on data from 2013), 70.1 per cent of Liberia’s population was multidimensionally poor, with an additional 21.5 per cent living near multidimensional poverty. High rates of multidimensional poverty reflect the low levels of human development in Liberia, which ranked 181 [2017 UNDP] out of 188 countries in the 2016 Human Development Index.' (p. 35) 
• 'Recent estimates of levels of child poverty in Liberia are not available. A 2014 UNICEF publication estimated that 63.4 per cent of children in the country suffer from multidimensional poverty and that 1,825,143 children out of the total child population of 2,179,015 were living on less than US$1.25 per day (the figure that defined the poverty line at that time). Available evidence also suggests that households with higher numbers of children are more likely to experience poverty. Poor households tend to have higher dependency ratios than non-poor households, meaning they have a greater number of children and elderly persons per working-age adult. Fertility rates are highest in rural areas where poverty is concentrated. Child poverty, and particularly rural child poverty, are likely to be ongoing challenges in Liberia, indicating a need for comprehensive and nationwide social protection measures if the Government is going to meet SDG 1.2, which require a reduction by half in the proportion of all children living in poverty in all its dimensions. Children who are living in poverty suffer from its multidimensional impact, causing inequity in the enjoyment of other rights such as education, survival rights, employment, and housing, detailed in the other sections of this report.' (p. 37) 
• For more info: Liberia: Voluntary National Review on the Implementation Status of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

2021 

• 'Du point de vue économique, dans un pays où huit enfants sur dix vivent dans la pauvreté monétaire, sept personnes sur dix vivent en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle (ODD 1), et neuf emplois sur dix sont dans l’économie informelle (ODD 8), le maintien de la stabilité macroéconomique et la relance des réformes ont permis une accélération des investissements (de 13,1% du PIB en 2015 à 21,2% en 2019) pour accroître et soutenir la croissance et réduire la pauvreté.' (p. 12) 
• 'L’indicateur de GINI, qui mesure le niveau d’inégalité dans le pays, n’a pas évolué depuis les dix dernières années: 42,6% en 2012 (Banque Mondiale, 2020) contre 42,4% en 2010. L’Indice de Développement Humain (IDH) est de 0,528 en 2019, plaçant Madagascar dans la catégorie des pays à « développement humain faible » et au 164e rang parmi 189 pays et territoires. Le taux de pauvreté multidimensionnelle s’élève à 70,3% avec une intensité de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle qui atteint les 54.9%. Selon le rapport d’analyse de la pauvreté des enfants (MODA, 2020), près de la moitié des enfants en situation d’extrême pauvreté (privations dans au moins 4 dimensions MODA) n’est pas incluse dans le quart le plus pauvre de l’indice de richesse. Ceci souligne, encore une fois, la nécessité d’observer au-delà de la richesse du ménage pour bien comprendre les facteurs qui affectent le bien-être des enfants. L’étude met en exergue la nécessité de formuler des politiques sociales visant les privations cachées des enfants souffrant de discriminations ou d’inégalités au sein du ménage, comme les enfants confiés ou orphelins.' (p. 28) 
• For more information: Deuxième Rapport de Madagascar pour L’examen National Volontaire sur les Objectifs de Développement Durable 2021

2022

• 'The recently introduced Malawi Multidimensional Poverty Index, which compliments monetary poverty measures allows for the better perception of multiple deprivations suffered by the people, hence better and targeted policy formulation.' (p. 63) 
• For more info: Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review Report for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 

2020

• 'To ensure data disaggregation and in-depth understanding of service delivery challenges and effectiveness, Malawi has rolled out the efforts of producing the Multidimensional Poverty Index Reports, which is being support by the UN.' (p. 94)
• 'In 2018, the National Statistical Office and the Ministry of Finance’s Economic Planning and Development with support from UNICEF conducted the second multidimensional child poverty assessment in Malawi… The analysis showed that for a multidimensional poverty threshold of 2 deprivations or more, 60.5% of children in Malawi aged 0-17 years are multi-dimensionally poor, a slight decline from 63% in 2011.' (p. 38)
• 'The analysis further revealed that the number of children living in ultra-poverty is estimated at 24% in 2016/17, slightly higher than the national average (20.1%).  About 70% of the children who live in rural areas are multi-dimensionally poor as compared to 25% in the urban areas. In rural areas, nearly 50% of children are both monetarily and multi-dimensionally poor, compared to 13% in urban areas.  The findings are useful to inform the formulation of programmes to address multidimensional poverty (SDG 1) by targeting the poorest children who experience multiple deprivations simultaneously thereby helping to reduce inequalities (SDG 10).' (p. 38)
• For more info:  Malawi 2020 Voluntary National Review Report for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

2021 

• 'The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) has also seen an improvement, from 1.52 per cent in 2016 to 1.1 per cent in 2019, contributed by better performance in income and education dimensions.' (p. 40) 
• 'As poverty is multidimensional, cash transfers alone will not resolve the cycle of long-term poverty. Recognising this, the Government is committed in tackling all forms of poverty by focusing on multidimensional poverty deprivation, beyond monetary dimension. Hence, the Government introduced the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in 2016 to measure poverty from a more inclusive perspective, namely education, health, standard of living, and income. It has four dimensions with eleven indicators.' (p. 41) 
• 'The MPI was first published in the Mid-Term Review of the Eleventh Plan in 2018. MPI improved from 0.015 in 2016 to 0.011 in 2019, contributed by better performance in income and education dimensions. There has been remarkable progress on years of schooling (at 1.0 per cent deprivation vs 1.2 per cent in 2016), access to healthcare facilities (at 6.5 per cent deprivation vs 6.8 per cent in 2016), access to clean water (at 3.9 per cent deprivation vs. 4.1 per cent in 2016), room crowdedness (at 9.5 per cent deprivation vs. 12.0 per cent in 2016), garbage collection facilities (at 13.3 per cent deprivation vs. 14.9 per cent in 2016), basic communication tools (at 1.1 per cent deprivation vs. 1.4 per cent in 2016) and monthly gross income (at 5.6 per cent deprivation vs. 7.6 per cent in 2016).' (p. 42) 
• For more info: Malaysia Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2021

2023 

• 'The first ever multidimensional poverty report showed that multidimensional poverty in Male’ was 10 percent compared to 40 percent in the atolls. Disparities in access to health care, years of schooling, sewerage systems, and clean water are the biggest multidimensional poverty in the atolls and quality education, access to health care and living standards are barriers for equal socioeconomic progress for people resident in the atolls.' (p. 10) 
• 'Access to essential services is a major barrier for equitable development across the islands of the Maldives. 87 percent of the multidimensionally poor are resident in the atolls compared to 13 percent in Male’ City, accounting for disparities in access to education, health care, information and living standards related to sewerage system for sanitation, clean water in the atolls, and overcrowding in Male’ City. This has resulted in a vicious cycle of migration to the greater Male’ region in search of better education, employment, and health care, contributing to degradation of quality of life in Male’ City driven mainly by overcrowding and congestion. This at the same time disincentivizes equal development across the atolls. Therefore, there is a need to formulate good public health and preventive social services where cost of services is more suitable for a small island country and can be sustained for small island development.' (p. 20) 
• 'People at the bottom of poverty line, those multidimensionally poor from lack of access to basic health and education services and with disadvantaged living standards, PWDs, children in poor and vulnerable households and women in informal economy, poor households and abusive environments are most at risk of being left behind. They need targeted policies with better social protection to improve their lives. Similarly, women with children born out of wedlock face multiple layers of challenges for them to access services.' (p. 35) 
• 'Nearly one in three people across the Maldives were multidimensionally poor in 2016/2017 according to the first Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of the Maldives published in 2020. A non-monetary metrics consisting of eight indicators was identified for classification of poor and non-poor, and while only about 10 percent of the population in Male’ was multidimensionally poor, 40 percent was poor in the atolls. At the time of reporting, 61 percent of the population was resident in the atolls and 87 percent of the poor were in the atolls. Access to healthcare is the biggest deprivation across the country. The multidimensional poverty in atolls is driven by lack of access to health care, low years of schooling, lack of access to safe drinking water and sewer system connection for sanitation. In contrast, multidimensional poverty in Male’ is driven by overcrowding and access to health care. Male’ is the third most congested city in the world, and the region, slightly behind Dhaka and Islamabad. Furthermore, policies to expand Male’ region risks driving further overcrowding, congestion and public health risks. Meanwhile access to infrastructure and services in the atolls remain limited. Multidimensional poverty is more prevent in children and people with disabilities further exposing the risk of these groups to fall into poverty. Secondary and higher education is associated with reduced poverty and wage employment is associated with low incidence of poverty. Similarly, employment in the tertiary sectors such as services and trade are associated with low incidence of poverty. In contrast, informal employment risks twice higher poverty rate compared to formal employment. Self-employment is three times more likely than wage earners to report income loss.' (p. 57) 
• 'In 2019, 61 percent of the people were resident in the atolls and 85 percent of the multidimensionally poor were in the atolls.' (p. 70) 
• 'Multidimensional poverty is higher in households and population without clean water and improved sanitation as they are at higher risk of health impacts from consequences of poor quality and unhygienic water and sanitation.' (p. 76) 
• For more information: Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2023 Maldives

2022 

• 'Aussi, l’analyse MODA, portant sur la pauvreté multidimensionnelle des enfants livre des données sur les privations simples et multiples auxquelles les enfants font face par sexe, région et milieu de résidence. Ces privations, associées au taux de pauvreté monétaire ont permis au Mali de disposer d’analyses pertinentes sur les enfants les plus pauvres et privés au Mali. Les analyses servent de support pour élaborer les programmes de développement et de lutte contre la pauvreté, avec un ciblage précis des enfants les plus défavorisés.' (p. 28) 
• 'Quant à l’indicateur de privations multidimensionnelles des enfants de 0-17 ans, déterminé à travers neuf dimensions de leur bien-être, en 2020, 41,3% d’enfants sont privés dans au moins trois dimensions, en baisse par rapport à 2018 (55,8%). Les disparités demeurent importantes selon le milieu. Bien que l’incidence baisse en milieu rural entre 2018 et 2020 de près de 13 points de pourcentage (de 65,7% à 53%), elle croit en milieu urbain (de 15,5% à 25,7%).' (p. 38) 
• 'Afin d’adresser plus efficacement les privations multidimensionnelles auxquels font face les enfants, y compris les plus défavorisés, le Gouvernement et l’UNICEF ont élaboré une ap proche de programmation innovante, axée sur le cycle de vie de l’enfant. Cette approche vise à fournir aux enfants à chaque étape de leur vie, un ensemble de services multisectoriels en lien avec leurs privations.' (p. 39) 
• For more info: Rapport National Volontaire sur la Mise en Oeuvre des Objectifs de Développement durable (ODD) du Mali 

2018

• From official translation: 'Mexico was one of the countries that promoted the multidimensional measurement of poverty in the process of defining the SDGs. Along with income, the domestic definition of poverty analyzes six other social shortfalls: lack of educational, access to health services, access to social security, quality and sufficient living space (which refers to housing materials and overcrowding), basic housing services (which refers to access to water, drainage, power and the type of fuel used for cooking) and access to food. Individuals are considered to be living in poverty when their income is enough to cover their food and non-food needs but they suffer from at least one social shortfall, and to be living in extreme poverty when their income is enough to cover their food needs but they suffer from three or more social shortfalls.' (p. 119) 
• For more info: Voluntary National Review for the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development

2023 

• 'Mongolia's multidimensional poverty index is relatively low, indicating that absolute poverty is close to zero and human capital development is high. However, one in five people is deprived on at least one of the dimensions. There are large geographical disparities in multidimensional poverty. While 95 per cent of the population in Ulaanbaatar is not poor, three out of four people in rural areas are poor on at least one dimension. It is common for rural areas to be poor on multiple dimensions, and 42 per cent of the rural population is poor on more than two dimensions.' (p. 59) 
• For more info: Mongolia Voluntary National Review 2023

2019 

• 'Ten percent of the population are identified as multidimensionally poor. The Multidimensional Poverty Index for Mongolia was 0.043 in 2016, and these people suffer simultaneously from lacking income health and education. The understanding and measuring of multidimensionality of poverty causes need to be improved and strengthened.' (p. 19) 
• For more info: Mongolia Voluntary National Review Report 2019

2020

• 'La même tendance à la baisse a été observée pour la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Son taux a, en effet, diminué entre 2004 et 2014, de 25% à 8,2% à l’échelle nationale, de 9% à 2% en milieu urbain et de 45% à 18% en milieu rural. Le nombre de personnes pauvres selon les critères de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a atteint, en 2014, environ 2,8 millions dont 85 % d’entre eux sont des ruraux. L’analyse, par sources, de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle, montre que les déficiences d’éducation des adultes et des enfants, y contribuent avec plus de la moitié, les privations de l’accès aux infrastructures de base avec 20%, les conditions d’habitation avec 14% et les services de la santé avec 11%. Au niveau régional, il est constaté que ce sont les régions les plus pauvres qui ont connu entre 2004 et 2014 le recul le plus important de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle, notamment les régions de Marrakech-Safi (de 34,0% à 11,3%), Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima (de 30,3% à 9,5%) et Béni-Mellal-Khénifra (de 31,0% à 13,4%). Quant à la vulnérabilité, elle a également connu une baisse entre 2007 et 2014, passant de 17% à 12,5% au niveau national, de 13% à 8% en milieu urbain et de 24% à 19 % en milieu rural.' (pp. 31-32) 
• 'Par ailleurs, la pauvreté multidimensionnelle variait en 2014 entre 13,4% enregistrée dans la region de Béni Mellal-Khénifra et 4,1% au niveau de la région de Casablanca-Settat et des régions du sud. L’éducation qui en représente la principale source de privation, oscille entre 48,2% dans la region de Béni Mellal-Khénifra et 63,5% dans celle de Casablanca-Settat. Un tel constat replace l’équité éducative au centre de la question des inégalités, la moyenne des années de scolarisation varie à ce titre, entre 7,08 années dans la région de Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra et 4,76 années dans celle de Marrakech-Safi, considérée ainsi comme la plus inégalitaire en termes d’accès à l’éducation.' (p. 122) 
• In unofficial translation: 'downward trend has been observed for multidimensional poverty. Its rate has indeed decreased between 2004 and 2014, from 25% to 8.2% at the national level, from 9% to 2% in the middle urban and from 45% to 18% in rural areas. The number of poor people according to the 11 criteria of multidimensional poverty reached, in 2014, about 2.8 million of which 85% of them are rural'. (p. 31)
• In unofficial translation: 'The analysis, by dimensions, of multidimensional poverty, shows that the educational deprivations of adults and children contribute to it with more than half, the deprivation of access to basic infrastructure with 20%, the housing conditions with 14% and health services with 11%. At the regional level, it was found that the poorest regions are the ones that experienced between 2004 and 2014 the largest decline in multidimensional poverty, especially the regions of Marrakech-Safi (from 34.0% to 11.3%), Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (from 30.3% to 9.5%) and Béni Mellal-Kénifra (from 31.0% to 13.4 %).' (p. 32)
• In unofficial translation: 'In addition, multidimensional poverty varied in 2014 between 13.4% recorded in the region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra and 4.1% in the Casablanca-Settat region and in the southern regions. The education that represents its main source of deprivation, fluctuates between 48.2% in the region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra and 63.5% in the region of Casablanca-Settat.' (p. 122)
• For more info: Examen National Volontaire de la Mise en Oeuvre des objectifs de développement durable 

2020

• 'Poverty still affects almost half the population, around 46% of children aged 0-17 are multidimensional poor while 49% are monetary poor.' (p. 3)
• 'The State Budget adopted criteria for resource allocation at provincial and district level that take into consideration the multidimensional index of Poverty, the population and the territory, as a way of compensating for inequalities between the Provinces within the country.' (p. 33)
• 'The multidimensional poverty of children (0 – 17 years), which includes eight dimensions - family, nutrition, education, work, health, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), participation and housing – is 46%.' (p. 33)
• 'Currently, the allocation of resources by provinces follows two criteria, namely population (70%) and multidimensional poverty index (30%), with consumption – 30%, water and sanitation – 30%, health – 20% and education – 20%)103. The district has as indicators, the population, surface area, district own revenues and the multidimensional poverty index.' (p. 85)
• For more info: Report Voluntary National Review of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development 

2020

• 'Nepal has been able to maintain a high economic growth rate of around 7 per cent in the last few years, and the absolute poverty and multidimensional poverty levels have been gradually reducing every year.' (p. 26)
• 'Multi-dimensional poverty reduced from 59 per cent in 2006 to 39 per cent in 2011 and 28.6 per cent in 2014 (NPC, 2018b). The target is to reduce multi-dimensional poverty to 6 per cent by 2030.' (p. 28)
• 'A number of projects have been initiated and coordination needs to be further enhanced to ensure their effectiveness. With more detail mapping and disaggregated data on multidimensional poverty and targeted and comprehensive interventions, these programs will be further consolidated.' (p. 30)
• 'Despite consistent efforts, low capital formation, low income, persistence of multidimensional poverty, difficult geographic terrain and high cost of infrastructure require huge resources for investment.' (p. 59)
• For more info: National Review of Sustainable Development Goals

2017

• 'Multi-dimensional poverty reduced from 64.7 percent in 2006 to 44.2 percent in 2015 (OPHI 2016) dropping by an average of two percentage points per year. These achievements were largely due to improved health and education and increased remittances incomes.' (p. 14)
• 'The government aims to bring down the percentage of people living below the poverty line to 4.9 percent and to reduce multi-dimensional poverty to 10 percent by 2030.' (p. 14)
• For more info: National Review of Sustainable Development Goals

2020

• 'According to the Multidimensional Poverty Index, as reported in the Human Development Report, 2018, the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in extreme poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions was measured as 22.5 per cent...poverty is higher in the rural areas (26.5 per cent) than in the urban with (13.5 per cent)...Nigeria is now home to the largest number of multidimensionally poor in the world. Ten states in north of Nigeria account for 70 per cent of the total who are multidimensionally poor. ' (p. 51)
• For more info: A Second Voluntary National Review

2017

• '...many Nigerians toil under the burden of poverty and unemployment as well as rampant inequality in income and access to basic services. An estimated 62.6% of the population live below the [old] international poverty line (PPP 1.25 $ per day) while some 27.9 % are multi-dimensionally poor.' (p. 6)
• For more info: Implementation of the SDGs: A National Voluntary Review

2020 

• 'Based on the assessment of the most pronounced disparities and key factors of discrimination such as identity (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity, religion, and disability), geographical location, vulnerability to shocks, adverse governance effects and specific socio-economic status (facing multidimensional poverty and inequality), most vulnerable groups in North Macedonia include: Youth who are Not in Education Employment or Training (NEET); Women and Girls; Roma Community; Children; People with Disabilities; Refugees / Migrants / Asylum Seekers / Internally Displaced Persons / Stateless Persons; LGBTI; People Living in Rural Areas / Small Farmers; Elderly Persons.' (p.15)
• For more information: Sustainable Development Goals, Voluntary National Review, North Macedonia

2020

• reported how 'for 2017 19.1% of the population was in conditions of multidimensional poverty, for 2018 it went to 19%, obtaining a reduction of 0.1 percentage points. There were also reductions in intensity, that is, in the average deprivations experienced by people in multidimensional poverty, going from 43.5% to 42.4%, a reduction of 1.1 percentage points for the same period. On the other hand, the multidimensional poverty index went from 0.083 points in 2017 to 0.081 points in 2018.' (p. 65)
• 'Panama also has an MPI at the township level (631 townships according to the 2010 political administrative division) that accounts for ten indicators (out of the 17 indicators of the National MPI) that can be calculated using population and housing censuses whose purpose is: to identify from the available evidence, the main deficiencies or non-monetary deprivations that occur simultaneously and directly affect the living conditions of the Panamanian population distributed in the townships of the country, thus for a better geographic targeting of the strategy for reduce poverty in all its dimensions, supporting the development of effective and sustained interventions that guide the design and implementation of public policies and use it as a complement to current national measurements of multidimensional poverty and income.' (p. 66)
• For more info: Panama: Libre de Pobreza y Desigualdad, La Sexta Frontera 

2017

• Extensively described its official MPI as one of the principle instruments to progressively improve public policies. For example, its main messages were: 'The multidimensional poverty index was established as a principal instrument for shaping public policy. To that end, dimensions and indicators were selected, the disadvantages and gaps characterising poverty were defined, deprivation was quantified, and poverty was defined in multidimensional terms'.
• For more info: Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible Erradicar la Pobreza y Promover la Prosperidad en un Mundo Cambiante  

2021

• 'El reconocimiento de la multidimensionalidad de la pobreza ha sido un llamado al desarrollo de nuevas metodologías de identicación de pobreza. Es así que surgen nuevas metodologías para la medición multidimensional de la pobreza tal como la propuesta por Alkire-Foster (2011), para la construcción de un Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM). La metodología de doble corte de Alkire-Foster permite agregar diferentes dimensiones de pobreza e indicadores de privación para crear varias estadísticas de pobreza multidimensionales. Esta metodología satisface un conjunto de axiomas básicos para medir la pobreza multidimensional y se descompone fácilmente por regiones geográcas y subgrupos de población.' (p. 100)
• 'En este sentido, se espera que con la adopción del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional sea posible visibilizar a una parte de la población que hasta hoy ha sido invisible a las políticas públicas: los pobres multidimensionales, contribuyendo así a políticas públicas que promuevan la responsabilidad de no dejar a nadie atrás en Paraguay.' (p. 111) 
• For more info: Segundo Informe Nacional Voluntario, Paraguay 2021

• 'La problématique de la pauvreté est d’autant plus critique lorsqu’on s’intéresse à son volet multidimensionnel. Selon les données de RNDH de 2014, 43% de la population congolaise est touchée par la pauvreté multidimensionnelle et la proportion de personnes vivant dans une pauvreté extrême est de 12,2%. Par catégorie d’individus, la situation est très alarmante chez les enfants et les adolescents. Ce type de pauvreté touche près 61% d’enfants et 88% des adolescents.' (p. 21) 
• 'La pauvreté étant multidimensionnelle et transversale, son éradication passe nécessairement par des mesures prises ou des actions entreprises par plusieurs ministères sectoriels. Ainsi, pour la période couverte par le PND 2018-2022, plusieurs programmes et projets sont définis pour lutter contre ce fléau. Il s’agit pour l’essentiel des programmes relevant des trois axes stratégiques du PND : (i) le renforcement de la gouvernance ; (ii) le renforcement et la valorisation du capital humain ; et (iii) la diversification et la transformation de l’économie.' (p. 22) 
• For more info: Contribution Nationale Volontaire à la mise en œuvre des ODD 

2019 

• 'To fully understand the current situation of vulnerable and marginalized groups, in 2018, Rwanda launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index and analyzed child poverty using the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis. These will inform appropriate policy actions. The assessments look beyond income and provide an understanding of how vulnerable groups are left behind across three key dimensions - health, education and standard of living.' (p. 26) 
• For more info: 2019 Rwanda Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report  

2020

• 'In the third quarter of 2019, the proportion of the population found to be poor according to the MPI (denoted as “H” below) was 11.88 per cent, and the average intensity (average proportion of dimensions in which poor people were deprived, denoted as “A”) was 33.26 per cent. The MPI, which is the product of H and A (H*A) was 0.040. This means that multidimensionally poor people in Seychelles experience 4 per cent of all the deprivations that would be experienced if all people were deprived in all indicators.” (page 24/25)
• 'The four dimensions of the 2019 Seychelles MPI (Living Standards, Health, Education, and Employment) are quantified by a set of 14 indicators. Of these, the largest contributors to multidimensional poverty in the country are deprivations in the highest level of education attained, meaning that at least one household member has not completed secondary level of education (24.91 per cent); followed by deprivation in ‘Youth Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET)’ (12.81 per cent), and informal employment (12.40 per cent).' (p. 25)
• 'It should be noted that the NEET rate for the final quarter of 2019 was 22 per cent, indicating the extent of untapped potential among the youth population, who could contribute to national development and poverty reduction through work. This was a 9.1 per cent increase from the previous quarter of 2019. Furthermore, the 2019 NEET rate was slightly higher for females (22.9 per cent), than for males (21 per cent). The 2019 NEET rate was 2.4 per cent higher than that for 2018 (19.8 per cent) With regard to labour force status, the results show that as expected, multidimensional poverty is more prevalent among the unemployed (with a headcount ratio of 57.35 per cent), than among those who are employed and those who are outside the labour force. Below shows the percentage contribution of each indicator and thus the composition of multidimensional poverty in Seychelles.' (p. 25)
• 'In addition, those living in the largest households (with 7 or more occupants), appear to be more likely to experience multidimensional poverty (with a headcount ratio of 31.15 per cent), than those living in the smallest households (with a headcount ratio of 4.89 per cent). In fact, the relationship between household size and multidimensional poverty is quite clear: the poverty rate increases as household size increases.' (p. 25)
• For more info: Voluntary National Review 2020 Republic of Seychelles

2021

• 'The country has made more gains in urban poverty reduction, currently estimating 34.8 percent (on 2018 survey calculation), compared to 46.9 in 2003/04; against rural poverty at 73.9 percent, compared to 78.7 percent in 2003/04—suggesting poverty remains a rural phenomenon in the country. Which is depicted in the multidimensional poverty index, the urban sector figure currently estimating 37.6 percent (on 2017 survey calculation), compared to 44.8 percent in 2015. This index jumped up from 78.9 percent to 86.3 percent for rural areas during 2015-2017. National level poverty measures 56.8 percent currently (on upward adjusted poverty line) or 47.3 percent on the same poverty line, compared to 52.9 percent in 2011 and 66.4 percent in 2003/04; multidimensional poverty overall dropping from 88.2 percent in 2003, to 68.3 percent in 2015 and 64.8 percent currently.' (p. 10) 
• 'In general, prioritising both education (SDG4) and justice (SDG16) is central to pursuing other goals, such as 1 (ending poverty), 2 (zero hunger) and 10 (inequality), as well as 3 (healthcare) and 5 (gender). For instance, increasing access to justice as an entitlement and basic need is fundamental to stemming rural multidimensional poverty, currently estimated at 86.3 percent, as well as income poverty at 73.9 percent; compared to 37.6 and 34.8 percent for urban areas, respectively. Reducing school fee burden and related expenses on poor households will release resources to increase their access to other basic needs, including healthcare services and investment in small businesses consistent with SDG8 (decent work), and even 11 (responsible production and consumption) and 13 (climate change); and hence 17 (on state revenue mobilisation and partnerships) in the long-run. Since education is one of the dimensions of multidimensional poverty, strengthening access to education will contribute to reduction of both child and population level multidimensional poverty under SDG1.' (p. 15) 
• 'The increased access to education associated with school feeding, reduced school fees and reduced household expenditure burden on learning materials also directly contributes to reduction in multidimensional child poverty.' (p. 41) 
• 'Multidimensional poverty has been consistently dropping from 88.2 percent based on national census data of 2003, to 68.3 percent 2015 census data and 64.8 percent based on the country’s 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS); while acknowledging that the current estimate remains high to continue to induce rapid response from the state. The country has especially made substantial reduction in urban poverty, its income estimate currently standing at 34.8 percent compared to 46.9 in 2003/04; against rural poverty at 73.9 percent compared to 78.7 percent in 2003/04—suggesting that poverty remains a rural phenomenon in the country; which is reinforced by multidimensional measure, jumped up from 78.9 percent (based on the 2015 census) to 86.3 percent (based on the 2017 MICS), while urban estimates declined from 44.8 percent (2015 census) to 37.6 percent (2017 MICS). Multidimensional child poverty remains high, although it declined from 77 percent in 2010 to 66 percent in 2017.' (p. 51) 
• For more info: 2021 VNR Report on SDGs in Sierra Leone

2019

• 'To ensure data disaggregation and in-depth understanding of service delivery challenges and effectiveness, Sierra Leone has joined other countries in the production of Multidimensional Poverty Index Reports; the first was launched in May 2019. In 2018, the first Child Multidimensional Poverty Report was launched and the second report is being finalised. The country has become a member of the Global Multidimensional Poverty Peer Network (MPPN).' (p.24)
• 'There are other dimensions of poverty that necessitate the use of the multidimensional poverty methodology. It is for this reason that Sierra Leone introduced the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The Government launched the first MPI report, in May 2019, using the 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), analysing five dimensions: education, health, housing, living standards, and energy with 14 indicators. Overall, the incidence of multidimensional poverty is 64.8 percent (almost two-thirds) in 2019; this is an improvement from an MPI estimate on 68.3 percent in 2017 based on National Housing and Population Census Data 2015, noting however that the dimensions/indicators used in both MPIs are not exactly the same for comparison. From a gender perspective, female-headed households have a higher multidimensional poverty rate (65.9 percent) compared to male-headed households (64.2 percent). And children younger than 14 years have the highest levels of multidimensional poverty (71.6 percent) compared to any other age group in 2019. The country produced the first Multidimensional Child Poverty Report (MCPR) in 2016 based on MICS 2010 data that estimated the incidence of child poverty at 77.4 percent. A draft 2019 Report based on MICS 2017 data suggests that child poverty has reduced to 66 percent using the same methodology.' (p. 32) 
• 'The Multidimensional Poverty Report 2019 highlighted that more than 80 percent of the population is deprived in sanitation' (p. 33)
• For more info:  2019 VNR Report on SDGs in Sierra Leone 

2016 

• Reported was reporting MPI as an SDG indicator, indicated an intention to measure multidimensional Poverty, explaining that during its public, regional, and national engagements, one key point that emerged was the 'relevance of a multidimensional approach to poverty measurement for the success of the SDGs.' (p. 10)
• For more info: Advance Draft Report on Adaptation of the Goals in Sierra Leone July 2016

2022

• 'With jobs and earnings lost, over 500,000 people are estimated to have fallen into poverty as a result of the crisis.' (p. 112, citing MPI report) 
• 'It has been identified in the multidimensional poverty analysis that people aged 65 and older are the poorest age group in Sri Lanka, with the highest headcount ratio (17.9%) as well as intensity of poverty and MPI, which has heightened the need for social safety nets for the aged people.' (p. 113) 
• 'Despite these efforts, poverty levels in districts vary significantly from a low of 3.5% in Colombo to 44.2% in Nuwara Eliya. It is estimated that more than a third of the COVID-19-related job losses are expected to have occurred in the Western Province which reflects a rise in urban poverty. Further, shortages in access to health facilities, cooking fuel, drinking water, and basic facilities have the highest levels of disparities across different parts of the country. These indicate the prevailing income inequalities despite significant efforts by the government to improve social coverage. This necessitates policy formulation cognizant of income disparity, in addition to the formulation of high-impact policies guided by the indicator composition of multidimensional poverty analysis, in order to ensure the most cost-effective response.' (p. 114) 
• 'Further, access to basic needs such as cooking fuel, drinking water show the highest levels of disparities, while the largest headcount in poverty is recorded amongst the population aged over 65. This indicates the need for targeted policy interventions that address this multi-dimensional aspect in poverty.' (p. 155) 
• 'multidimensional poverty indicators reveal gaps in the country’s social protection nets, such as the large number of people above the age of 65, who have been employed in the informal sector and remain unprotected from the country’s social protection schemes. Targeted strategies cognizant of multi- dimensional aspects are required to respond to the growing income inequalities among the rural and vulnerable groups such as women, children and the disabled. Healthcare programs addressing NDCs, food security programmes addressing the nutritional needs of children and increasing the access to education for disabled children are some of the areas that need immediate interventions.' (p. 161) 
• For more info:  Inclusive Transformation Towards A Sustainably Developed Nation for all: National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Sri Lanka. 

2018

• 'Multidimensional poverty Index also recorded poverty levels lower than those estimated based on the national (income) poverty line. The multi- dimensional poverty level at the aggregate level was 3.8% in 2012/1343 (compared to 6.7% based on the national poverty line), while that for males and females were 3.9% and 3.7% respectively (Target 1.2).' (p. 66)
• For more info: Voluntary National Review on the Status of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. 

2017

• 'The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) shows that about 7.8% of the population at the national level live at the level of multidimensional poverty, and the vulnerability to multidimensional poverty reaches more than 20% (7.6% and 25% in urban and rural areas, respectively).' (p. 9) 
• For more info: Voluntary National Review: Improving Living Standards Through Mainstreaming of Sustainable Development Goals into the National Development Policy in Tajikistan 2017

2021

• 'Thailand’s measures to advance poverty eradication not only take into account the income dimension, but also seek to address other dimensions, such as social protection, access to essential services, and varying risk factors. Thailand has introduced a National Multi-Dimension Poverty Index (MPI), which covers four dimensions of poverty: education; healthy lifestyles; quality of life; and financial security. This has been developed in order to comprehensively and accurately reflect the current situation in the country. The Government’s measures have also led to an improvement in the country’s score on this index. Thailand’s MPI score stood at 0.051 in 2019, with the proportion of the population living in multi-dimensional poverty at 13.4 per cent (or equivalent to 9.1 million people). The Intensity of Poverty score stood at 38 per cent. This highlights the country’s improvement from 2017, when the MPI score stood at 0.068, with 17.6 per cent of the population living in poverty and an Intensity of Poverty score of 38.7 per cent.' (p. 10) 
• For more info: Thailand's Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2021 

2023

• 'According to the national multidimensional poverty index, 55% of population were living in multidimensional poverty and 54% of children were living in multidimensional poverty (GDS, MoF and UNICEF, 2021).' (p. 51)
• 'In 2021, Timor-Leste introduced a national measure of multidimensional poverty, a landmark initiative to provide data for SDG indicator 1.2.2. This measure encompasses eight dimensions, enabling a more holistic view of poverty in the nation: Water and Sanitation (WASH); Living Standards; Information (specifically targeting adolescents and youth); Nutrition (focusing on children under 6); Health; Education (addressing people aged 6 years and older); Employment(centred on adolescents and youth); and Child Protection (aimed at children under 6). The index consists of 18 individual-level indicators, carefully selected to examine intra-household inequalities, which form the foundation of the eight dimensions.' (p. 55) 
• 'Benefits of the multidimensional poverty index: 1) Enhancing understanding of poverty within the national context, thus complementing monetary measures; 2) Facilitating ongoing tracking, recording, and evaluation of progress in reducing multidimensional poverty; 3) Using data to refine policy strategies, target the most deeply impoverished individuals, and foster collaborative methods for implementing SDGs; 4) Encouraging wider national participation in and commitment to eradicating poverty in all forms. The data derived from the 2014 TLSLS using the multidimensional poverty index provides crucial evidence for policy formulation. Once the next TLSLS becomes available in 2024, the index will be updated, offering fresh, valuable insights for planning appropriate policy interventions and budget allocations. The development of the multidimensional poverty index was a consultative, inclusive process. The selection of indicators and thresholds was guided by international standards, national priorities, and data availability.' (p. 55) 
• 'The national statistical office, GDS, expressed a preference for indicators and targets aligned with the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index and the SDG targets. The GDS also emphasized the necessity for a population-wide measure rather than a household-based one, requiring the definition of unique indicators and dimensions. Collaborative involvement by GDS, UNICEF, the World Bank, UNDP, and UN Women was instrumental in the successful development of the index. The national ownership of this measure is crucial for sustainability. The initial multidimensional poverty index showed a poverty headcount of 55%, with a higher prevalence in rural areas (70%) compared to urban regions (29%). It was found that young children, older individuals (60 years and above), and women are more likely to be multidimensionally poor. These insights serve as a robust baseline for measuring progress in reducing multidimensional poverty, offering a measure finely tailored to the unique context of Timor-Leste.' (p. 56)
• For more info: Government of Timor-Leste (2023), The Second Voluntary National Review Report on Progress of the Implementation of the SDGs, 2023 (Timor-Leste VNR-2): People-Centred Sustainable Development: Leaving No One Behind, Dili: Timor-Leste. 

2019 

• “Recently Tonga has developed a robust multidimensional poverty measure which is scientifically valid, reliable, additive and contextually appropriate. It has been adopted as the national poverty measure, and is the first of its kind in the Pacific. This is important because recent research has suggested that income poverty measures can underestimate the true extent of poverty. Therefore, effective poverty reduction policies require measures that go beyond income and appropriately reflect the hardship and life experiences of the poor and disadvantaged groups.' (p. 29)
• 'This measurement is a new development for Tonga as child poverty is no longer lumped together with general poverty assessments which often focus solely on income levels, and do not consider basic necessities. The measure allows Tonga to fully understand child poverty.' (p. 30)
• 'Using this measure, it is estimated that 27% of the population are poor. Furthermore, 14% of the population is estimated to be vulnerable as a result of deprivation, and 22% vulnerable in terms of income measures. Child and adult poverty rates indicate that one in five adults are poor compared to one in three children.' (p. 30)
• 'Notably, the most common forms of deprivation among children have to do with household level items, i.e. items that are shared by all household members, such as electrical goods and making regular savings for emergencies...The same pattern is apparent for adults, with household level items showing the highest deprivation rates.' (p. 30) 
• 'Risk factors have been identified for child and adult poverty. Households with a large number of children, as well as those with one or two adults are at higher risk of poverty.' (p. 30) 
• 'Households where the head has university qualifications or higher are the least likely to be poor, followed by those with secondary school qualifications. The highest poverty rates correspond to households where the head has primary school or no qualifications.' (p. 30)
• For more info: Voluntary National Review 2019 

2020

•  'There have been general improvements in housing conditions, a critical factor in poverty reduction as poverty is multidimensional. Households may be deprived in areas other than income, and household living conditions and access to basic services are key indicators. The proportion of households that used canister wick lamps for lighting declined from 66 percent in 2012/13 to 28 percent in 2016/17, largely attributed to increased access to and use of grid electricity (22 percent) and solar energy (18 percent). Access to safe water has improved from 68 percent in 2013 to 78 percent in 2017, with the highest coverage in Eastern region (89.9 percent), compared with 82.7 percent in Northern, 76.6 percent in Central, and 64.7 percent in Western regions. However, the continued reliance on biomass (above 90 percent of the population) as a main source of cooking energy is continuing to threaten public health and the environment and is indicative of persistent financial and resource inaccessibility of alternative options.' (p. 22)
• For more info: Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 

2023 VNR

• 'Viet Nam’s multidimensional poverty rate tends to decrease sharply, from 9.2% in 2016 to 4.3% in 2022. The multidimensional poverty rate among children declined from 19.1% in 2016 to 11.7% in 2020.' (pp. 6, 31)
• 'Viet Nam’s multi-dimensional poverty rate tended to plummet, from 9.2% in 2016 to 4.3% in 2022, an average annual decrease of 0.82 percentage points. This trend exists in both urban and rural areas and 6 socio-economic regions. In period 2016-2022, the multidimensional poverty rate in rural areas reduced more than 4 times faster than urban areas with an average annual reduction rate of 2 percentage points in rural areas and 0.25 percentage points in urban areas. Among socio-economic regions, the Northern Midlands and Mountainous Areas are the regions with the fastest reduction of multidimensional poverty rate, with an average annual decrease of 1.82 percentage points; followed by the Central Highlands, with an average decrease of 1.18 percentage points per year and the Southeast experienced the slowest reduction rate, averagely 0.05 percentage points per year in the period 2016-2022.' (p. 32)
• 'Recently, Viet Nam has implemented various policies to ensure migrant workers and their families can access to basic social services at destination areas such as workers’ housing in industrial zones. The Law on Housing has provided preferential policies to reduce housing costs, provide opportunities to low-income workers who are struggling with settlement in access social housing and policies to support access to education and health care for children from migrant families, etc. The above impressive poverty reduction results are attributed by positive developments in all three channels affecting multidimensional poverty reduction: rapidly expanding productive jobs, significantly improved social services, and social welfare systems.' (p. 32)
• 'Despite many achievements in poverty reduction, the poverty and near-poor rates among ethnic minority households are still 3.5 times as high as the national poverty and near-poor rates. The rate of children living in multidimensional poverty tended to decrease rapidly in the period 2016-2020, from 19.1% in 2016 to 11.7% in 2020, an average annual reduction of 1.85 percentage points. For the period of 2018-2020, the rate of children in multidimensional poverty tended to drop more slowly than in the period of 2016-2018. There is no clear difference in the rate of multidimensional poverty between girls and boys. In 2018, the difference in multidimensional poverty rates between girls and boys was 0.6 percentage points, but by 2020, this gap had descended to 0.3 percentage points.' (p. 32)
• 'Multidimensional child poverty is decreasing across all geographic regions and population groups. However, there are still clear differences in the proportion of children in multidimensional poverty among different socio-economic regions, between urban-rural areas and among different ethnic groups. The Northern Midlands and Mountainous Areas and the Central Highlands are the two regions with the highest rates of multidimensional poverty (29.3% and 25.4% in 2018 respectively). The rate of children in multidimensional poverty in rural areas doubled that in urban areas, 14% versus 7.2% in 2020. Similar to general poverty, multidimensional poverty among children is also exceedingly high among ethnic minorities. The multidimensional poverty rate among children with disabilities is almost as twice as that among children without disabilities. In all dimensions of multidimensional poverty, children with disabilities have much higher rates of deprivation than the peers without disabilities.' (p. 33) 
• For more info: Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: Voluntary National Review 2023 on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

2018 VNR 

• 'The multidimensional poverty rate was reduced from 9.2 percent in 2016 to less than 7 percent in 2017. However, based on multidimensional poverty criteria, the poverty rate for ethnic minority groups remains relatively high. Social security policies have been implemented nationwide and achieved positive results. By the end of December 2017, more than 13.9 million people had social insurance; by the end of 2015, 100 per-cent of the poor and social protection beneficiaries were provided free insurance cards, and about 81 per-cent of near-poor people had health insurance. The access to basic social services such as electricity, hygienic water has been on a rising trend. Monthly social support is now provided for the social protection beneficiaries in almost 60 provinces/cities.' (p. 14)
• 'The multi-dimensional poverty rate also decreased from 9.9 per-cent in 2015 to 9.2 per-cent in 2016 and less than 7 per-cent in 2017, while improving the access of the poor to basic social services: access to health insurance and telecommunication use rose by 11.65 per-cent and 5.21 per-cent respectively. Although different methods are used to measure poverty, their results are relatively consistent, showing a reduction every year.' (p. 28)
• 'The rate of ethnic minority poverty reduction from 2014-2016 was the highest it has been in two decades (poverty was reduced by 13 per-cent, from 57.8 per-cent in 2014 to 44.6 per-cent in 2016). The comparison of the multi-dimensional poverty line and the income poverty line shows a difference. In 2016, the national income poverty rate was 5.8 per-cent while the multi-dimensional poverty rate was 9.2 per-cent. In addition, the multi-dimensional poverty rate in rural areas (11.8 per-cent), the Northern mountainous region (23 per-cent) and the Central Highlands (18.5 per-cent) was very different from the national poverty line in 2016. This reveals that when the dimensions of poverty include access to all basic social services, the non-income dimensions need more improvement. According to a survey conducted by CEMA in 2015, the multi-dimensional poverty rate among ethnic minorities was 35.7 per-cent, 3.5 times higher than the national multi-dimensional poverty rate (9.8 per-cent). This results in a risk that girls get married early, have difficulty accessing educational opportunities, have a greater burden of housework, and have fewer livelihood options. Therefore, more attention should be paid to supporting vulnerable groups such as ethnic minorities, especially women and girls, to escape from poverty in a sustainable manner and, at the same time, reduce the poverty disparity between different regions of the country. (p. 28) 
• For more info: Viet Nam's VNR on the Implementation of the SDGs 

2020 VNR

• 'Recently computed statistics on headcount multidimensional poverty show a reduction from 50 percent in 2016 to 44 percent in 2020. In rural areas, multidimensional poverty declined from 69 percent in 2016 to 59 percent in 2020 while in urban areas, poverty declined from 25 percent to 18 percent respectively.' (page xii)
• 'Poverty headcount declined for all provinces except Western Province. In Western Province, poverty headcount rose from 61 percent of the population in 2016 to 67 percent in 2020. North Western Province had the largest decline in poverty headcount, from 60 percent in 2016 to 46 percent in 2020, representing a reduction of 24 percentage points. This means that access to education, living conditions and health services have risen in this province while living conditions have also improved.' (page 19)
• For more information: Zambia Sustainable Development Goals VNR 2020 

2017 VNR

• 'Zimbabwe’s multidimensional poverty index (MPI) which is published by the UNDP and Oxford University declined from 0.172 in 2011 to 0.127 in 2014.' (p18)
• 'The percentage of people who are MPI poor (also called the incidence or headcount ratio) declined significantly from 39.1 per cent in 2011 to 29.7 per cent in 2014.' (p18)
• 'The MPI is a recommended indicator for SDG Target 1.2 that seeks to ‘reduce at least half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions’ by 2030. These positive developments show Zimbabwe’s progress in tackling extreme poverty and deprivation of its vulnerable populations.' (page 18)
• For more information: Zimbabwe Voluntary National Review (VNR) of SDGs For the High Level Political Forum