by Professor Amartya Sen
Chaired by the Chancellor of the University, the Rt Hon Lord Patten of Barnes
Category Archives: News podcast
Discovery of Women

Job title: Visiting Fellow
Email: Please contact ophi@qeh.ox.ac.uk
Biography
Dasho Karma Ura has been the Executive President of The Centre for Bhutan Studies since 2008. From 1989 to 1998, he worked in the Planning Commission of Bhutan before joining the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies. He is a member of several international boards and working groups including the Advisory Board of the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, the Earth Trusteeship Working Group (ETWG), the Global Happiness Council in the UAE, and the World Happiness Report.
Education
BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, UK.
MPhil in Economics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
PhD, Nagoya University, Japan.
Research interests
Development policies; GNH (Gross National Happiness); wellbeing policy indicators; Buddhist iconographic painting and designs.
Selected publications
Books
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Community and Livelihood, Vol. 1 Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Art and Ideals, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (1995). The hero with a thousand Eyes: A historical novel. Thimphu: Karma Ura.
Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., and Wangdi, K. (2012). An extensive Analysis of GNH. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan Studies & GNH Research.
Ura, K. and Thinley, J. (Trans). (2020) Discourse on the legal decree of Precious Palden Drukpa, victorious in all directions. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Book chapters
Ura, K. (2019). In Mearman, A., Berger, S., and Guizza, D. (Eds.). What is heterodox economics? Conversation with leadings economists (pp. 82–93). Routledge.
Ura, K. (2016). Longchen’s forests of poetry and rivers of composition: Introduction and translation of “The illuminating map – titled as forest park of flower garden – of Bumthang, the divine hidden land” by Longchen Ramjam (1308-1363). Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Ura, K. (2016). Gross National Happiness, values education and schooling for sustainability in Bhutan. In Gorana, R. N. and Kanaujia, P. R. (Eds.), Reorienting educational efforts for sustainable development: Experiences from South Asia, pp. 71–88. Netherlands: Springer. Ura, K. (2017). Bhutan’s Indian rupee shortage: Macroeconomic causes and cures. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2017). The experience of Gross National Happiness as a development framework. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2016). Balancing GDP with GNH. In Thomas, S. T. (Ed.), Globalization and development: In search of new development paradigm (Vol. III), pp. 3–38. London and New York: Routledge.
Ura, K. (2013). Destiny of Nations. In Redeveloping America. UK/US: McMillan.
Ura, K. (1997). Development and tradition. In Schickgruber, C. and Pommaret, F. (Eds.), Mountain fortress of the gods, pp. 239–252. London: Serindia Publications.
Ura, K. (1994). Development and decentralization in medieval and modern Bhutan. In Aris, M., and Hutt, M. (Eds.), Bhutan: Aspects of culture and development. Scotland: Paul Strachan – Kiscadale Ltd.
Ura, K., Stringer, R., and Bulte, E. (2009). Wildlife and Human Conflicts in Bhutan. In Lipper, L., Sakuyama, T., Stringer, R., and Zilberman, D. (Eds.), Payment for environmental services in agricultural landscapes. Natural Resource Management and Policy, (Vol. XXXI). New York: Springer.
Articles
Ura, K. (1993). The nomads’ gamble: Pastoralists of northern Bhutan. In South Asia Research (Vol. XIII), pp. 81–101. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Ura, K. and Pablos, P. O. d. (Eds.). (2012). Advancing technologies for Asian business and economics: Information management developments. US: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.
Ura, K and Santos, E. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement of Poverty in Bhutan. Journal of Bhutan Studies, 18 (1). pp. 1–50.

OPHI and the World Food Programme analysed the impact on multidimensional poverty of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme for refugees in Turkey, one of the largest humanitarian cash transfer schemes in the world. This report develops a tailor-made refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and then uses it to assess the impact of the programme on beneficiaries, demonstrating an important application of the MPI for designing more effective poverty reduction programmes.
This report was commissioned by WFP with funding from the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO).
Citation: OPHI and WFP (2022). Meta-Analysis of the impact and lessons learned for implementation of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme in Turkey (2016–20). Part 2: Focus Areas 2 and 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and World Food Programme (WFP).
This paper presents mpitb a toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices (MPI). The Stata package mpitb comprises several subcommands to facilitate specification, estimation, and analyses of MPIs and supports the popular Alkire-Foster framework to multidimensional poverty measurement. mpitb offers several benefits to researchers, analysts and practitioners working on MPIs, including substantial time savings (e.g., due to lower data management and programming requirements) while allowing for a more comprehensive analysis at the same time. Moreover, the toolbox encourages to report standard errors or confidence intervals.
Citation: Suppa, N. (2022). ‘mpitb: A toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices,’ OPHI Research in Progress 62a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed house- holds are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the $1.90/ day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9826): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa; Kovesdi, Fanni; Santamaria, Julieth; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9826. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y, Alkire, S, Ekhator-Mobayode, U.E., Kovesdi, F., Santamaria, J. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘A multi-country analysis of multidimensional poverty in contexts of forced displacement’, OPHI Working Paper 140, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues – multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement – Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9823): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9823. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y., Alkire, S. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘Multidimensional poverty, gender, and forced displacement: A multi-country, intrahousehold analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa’, OPHI Working Paper 139, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.

A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
This report by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics analyses the vulnerability of the population of Maldives to poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic using a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).
The MVI identifies the vulnerable population who face more than three vulnerabilities to COVID-19, shows where these vulnerable groups live, and which deprivations increase their vulnerability. The MVI is, thus, a policy tool to direct action towards the most needed groups during COVID-19.
The index is based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019 (HIES 2019) and includes five dimensions measured at the household level: education, employment, health, housing and basic services. These dimensions have been selected to include the dimensions captured in the Maldives’ national MPI (launched in 2020 and based on 2016 data), and also to capture the impact of the pandemic on households.
Key findings include:
- 29.4% of the population is multidimensionally vulnerable to poverty and experiences, on average, close to half of the weighted deprivations (47.6%). The overall MVI is 0.140.
- Multidimensionally vulnerable individuals face the highest levels of deprivation in access to safe drinking water; living in a household with at least one youth who is not in education, employment or training (NEET); and, access to improved sanitation, followed by access to internet or IT assets.
- 50% of the population living in the Atolls and 7% of the population in Male’ are vulnerable. The profile of overlapping deprivations in the Atolls and Male’ share some attributes, but are not the same. For instance, the dimension of basic services contributes the most to overall vulnerability in the Atolls, whereas the opposite is true in Male’.
- Children under 18 years old and the elderly aged 65 and above are the most multidimensionally vulnerable age groups.
- Households with any member living with disabilities experience significantly higher levels of multidimensional vulnerability than households without any member living with disabilities.
Citation: MBS (2022). A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in Times of Covid-19. Maldives Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Maldives.
Download A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
Visit Maldives Bureau of Statistics website

Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index
Evidence indicates that poverty worldwide is concentrated in rural areas, and that agriculture is central to the livelihoods and food security of these population groups. This extended and jointly authored report with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) articulates a conceptual framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas, and develops a rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The rural MPI is applied to four countries – Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger and Nigeria – and presents exciting new insights relevant for policymakers, academics and practitioners working on rural poverty alleviation.
The first part of the report proposes a framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas and describes the motivation for the Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (R-MPI) proposal, which departs from the established global Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), first designed in 2010 as an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries, by adding modifications in the dimensions and embedded indicators. The second part of this report presents an empirical test of the proposed R-MPI, using data from four household surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Malawi, the Niger, and Nigeria which are harmonized within the Rural Livelihoods Information System (RuLIS).
Citation: FAO and OPHI (2022). Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
Download the Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach.

This brief, focusing on Bangladesh, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in this IsDB Member Country. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sylhet, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 5, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Asia region, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in seven IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Bangladesh, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in Asia using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 4, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Africa and Latin America regions, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in 20 IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sierra Leone, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in the Africa and Latin America regions using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.
Beyond Headcount: Measures that Reflect the Breadth and Components of Child Poverty
Brief description: In this recording Jose Manuel Roche, OPHI Research Officer, introduces ‘Beyond Headcount: Measures that Reflect the Breadth and Components of Child Poverty’ a paper, co-authored with Sabina Alkire. His talk presents a new approach to child poverty measurement that reflects the breadth and components of child poverty. The Alkire and Foster method presented in this paper seeks to answer the question ‘who is poor’ by considering the intensity of each child’s poverty. His talk illustrates one way to apply this method to child poverty measurement, using Bangladeshi data from four rounds of the Demographic Health Survey covering the period 1997–2007. He argues that child poverty should not be assessed only according to the incidence of poverty but also by the intensity of deprivations that batter poor children’s lives at the same time.

Job title: Visiting Fellow
Email: Please contact ophi@qeh.ox.ac.uk
Biography
Dasho Karma Ura has been the Executive President of The Centre for Bhutan Studies since 2008. From 1989 to 1998, he worked in the Planning Commission of Bhutan before joining the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies. He is a member of several international boards and working groups including the Advisory Board of the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, the Earth Trusteeship Working Group (ETWG), the Global Happiness Council in the UAE, and the World Happiness Report.
Education
BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, UK.
MPhil in Economics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
PhD, Nagoya University, Japan.
Research interests
Development policies; GNH (Gross National Happiness); wellbeing policy indicators; Buddhist iconographic painting and designs.
Selected publications
Books
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Community and Livelihood, Vol. 1 Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Art and Ideals, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (1995). The hero with a thousand Eyes: A historical novel. Thimphu: Karma Ura.
Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., and Wangdi, K. (2012). An extensive Analysis of GNH. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan Studies & GNH Research.
Ura, K. and Thinley, J. (Trans). (2020) Discourse on the legal decree of Precious Palden Drukpa, victorious in all directions. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Book chapters
Ura, K. (2019). In Mearman, A., Berger, S., and Guizza, D. (Eds.). What is heterodox economics? Conversation with leadings economists (pp. 82–93). Routledge.
Ura, K. (2016). Longchen’s forests of poetry and rivers of composition: Introduction and translation of “The illuminating map – titled as forest park of flower garden – of Bumthang, the divine hidden land” by Longchen Ramjam (1308-1363). Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Ura, K. (2016). Gross National Happiness, values education and schooling for sustainability in Bhutan. In Gorana, R. N. and Kanaujia, P. R. (Eds.), Reorienting educational efforts for sustainable development: Experiences from South Asia, pp. 71–88. Netherlands: Springer. Ura, K. (2017). Bhutan’s Indian rupee shortage: Macroeconomic causes and cures. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2017). The experience of Gross National Happiness as a development framework. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2016). Balancing GDP with GNH. In Thomas, S. T. (Ed.), Globalization and development: In search of new development paradigm (Vol. III), pp. 3–38. London and New York: Routledge.
Ura, K. (2013). Destiny of Nations. In Redeveloping America. UK/US: McMillan.
Ura, K. (1997). Development and tradition. In Schickgruber, C. and Pommaret, F. (Eds.), Mountain fortress of the gods, pp. 239–252. London: Serindia Publications.
Ura, K. (1994). Development and decentralization in medieval and modern Bhutan. In Aris, M., and Hutt, M. (Eds.), Bhutan: Aspects of culture and development. Scotland: Paul Strachan – Kiscadale Ltd.
Ura, K., Stringer, R., and Bulte, E. (2009). Wildlife and Human Conflicts in Bhutan. In Lipper, L., Sakuyama, T., Stringer, R., and Zilberman, D. (Eds.), Payment for environmental services in agricultural landscapes. Natural Resource Management and Policy, (Vol. XXXI). New York: Springer.
Articles
Ura, K. (1993). The nomads’ gamble: Pastoralists of northern Bhutan. In South Asia Research (Vol. XIII), pp. 81–101. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Ura, K. and Pablos, P. O. d. (Eds.). (2012). Advancing technologies for Asian business and economics: Information management developments. US: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.
Ura, K and Santos, E. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement of Poverty in Bhutan. Journal of Bhutan Studies, 18 (1). pp. 1–50.

OPHI and the World Food Programme analysed the impact on multidimensional poverty of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme for refugees in Turkey, one of the largest humanitarian cash transfer schemes in the world. This report develops a tailor-made refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and then uses it to assess the impact of the programme on beneficiaries, demonstrating an important application of the MPI for designing more effective poverty reduction programmes.
This report was commissioned by WFP with funding from the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO).
Citation: OPHI and WFP (2022). Meta-Analysis of the impact and lessons learned for implementation of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme in Turkey (2016–20). Part 2: Focus Areas 2 and 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and World Food Programme (WFP).
This paper presents mpitb a toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices (MPI). The Stata package mpitb comprises several subcommands to facilitate specification, estimation, and analyses of MPIs and supports the popular Alkire-Foster framework to multidimensional poverty measurement. mpitb offers several benefits to researchers, analysts and practitioners working on MPIs, including substantial time savings (e.g., due to lower data management and programming requirements) while allowing for a more comprehensive analysis at the same time. Moreover, the toolbox encourages to report standard errors or confidence intervals.
Citation: Suppa, N. (2022). ‘mpitb: A toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices,’ OPHI Research in Progress 62a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed house- holds are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the $1.90/ day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9826): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa; Kovesdi, Fanni; Santamaria, Julieth; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9826. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y, Alkire, S, Ekhator-Mobayode, U.E., Kovesdi, F., Santamaria, J. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘A multi-country analysis of multidimensional poverty in contexts of forced displacement’, OPHI Working Paper 140, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues – multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement – Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9823): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9823. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y., Alkire, S. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘Multidimensional poverty, gender, and forced displacement: A multi-country, intrahousehold analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa’, OPHI Working Paper 139, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.

A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
This report by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics analyses the vulnerability of the population of Maldives to poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic using a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).
The MVI identifies the vulnerable population who face more than three vulnerabilities to COVID-19, shows where these vulnerable groups live, and which deprivations increase their vulnerability. The MVI is, thus, a policy tool to direct action towards the most needed groups during COVID-19.
The index is based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019 (HIES 2019) and includes five dimensions measured at the household level: education, employment, health, housing and basic services. These dimensions have been selected to include the dimensions captured in the Maldives’ national MPI (launched in 2020 and based on 2016 data), and also to capture the impact of the pandemic on households.
Key findings include:
- 29.4% of the population is multidimensionally vulnerable to poverty and experiences, on average, close to half of the weighted deprivations (47.6%). The overall MVI is 0.140.
- Multidimensionally vulnerable individuals face the highest levels of deprivation in access to safe drinking water; living in a household with at least one youth who is not in education, employment or training (NEET); and, access to improved sanitation, followed by access to internet or IT assets.
- 50% of the population living in the Atolls and 7% of the population in Male’ are vulnerable. The profile of overlapping deprivations in the Atolls and Male’ share some attributes, but are not the same. For instance, the dimension of basic services contributes the most to overall vulnerability in the Atolls, whereas the opposite is true in Male’.
- Children under 18 years old and the elderly aged 65 and above are the most multidimensionally vulnerable age groups.
- Households with any member living with disabilities experience significantly higher levels of multidimensional vulnerability than households without any member living with disabilities.
Citation: MBS (2022). A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in Times of Covid-19. Maldives Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Maldives.
Download A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
Visit Maldives Bureau of Statistics website

Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index
Evidence indicates that poverty worldwide is concentrated in rural areas, and that agriculture is central to the livelihoods and food security of these population groups. This extended and jointly authored report with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) articulates a conceptual framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas, and develops a rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The rural MPI is applied to four countries – Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger and Nigeria – and presents exciting new insights relevant for policymakers, academics and practitioners working on rural poverty alleviation.
The first part of the report proposes a framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas and describes the motivation for the Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (R-MPI) proposal, which departs from the established global Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), first designed in 2010 as an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries, by adding modifications in the dimensions and embedded indicators. The second part of this report presents an empirical test of the proposed R-MPI, using data from four household surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Malawi, the Niger, and Nigeria which are harmonized within the Rural Livelihoods Information System (RuLIS).
Citation: FAO and OPHI (2022). Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
Download the Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach.

This brief, focusing on Bangladesh, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in this IsDB Member Country. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sylhet, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 5, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Asia region, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in seven IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Bangladesh, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in Asia using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 4, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Africa and Latin America regions, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in 20 IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sierra Leone, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in the Africa and Latin America regions using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.
Determining BPL Status: Some Methodological Improvements
In this recording Suman Seth, OPHI Research Officer, introduces ‘Determining BPL Status: Some Methodological Improvements’ a paper, co-authored with Sabina Alkire. His talk focuses on the method for identifying Below the Poverty Line households in rural India, and argues that mistargeting is significantly influenced by the
measurement methodology, not only by corruption as has been supposed.

Job title: Visiting Fellow
Email: Please contact ophi@qeh.ox.ac.uk
Biography
Dasho Karma Ura has been the Executive President of The Centre for Bhutan Studies since 2008. From 1989 to 1998, he worked in the Planning Commission of Bhutan before joining the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies. He is a member of several international boards and working groups including the Advisory Board of the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, the Earth Trusteeship Working Group (ETWG), the Global Happiness Council in the UAE, and the World Happiness Report.
Education
BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, UK.
MPhil in Economics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
PhD, Nagoya University, Japan.
Research interests
Development policies; GNH (Gross National Happiness); wellbeing policy indicators; Buddhist iconographic painting and designs.
Selected publications
Books
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Community and Livelihood, Vol. 1 Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Art and Ideals, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (1995). The hero with a thousand Eyes: A historical novel. Thimphu: Karma Ura.
Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., and Wangdi, K. (2012). An extensive Analysis of GNH. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan Studies & GNH Research.
Ura, K. and Thinley, J. (Trans). (2020) Discourse on the legal decree of Precious Palden Drukpa, victorious in all directions. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Book chapters
Ura, K. (2019). In Mearman, A., Berger, S., and Guizza, D. (Eds.). What is heterodox economics? Conversation with leadings economists (pp. 82–93). Routledge.
Ura, K. (2016). Longchen’s forests of poetry and rivers of composition: Introduction and translation of “The illuminating map – titled as forest park of flower garden – of Bumthang, the divine hidden land” by Longchen Ramjam (1308-1363). Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Ura, K. (2016). Gross National Happiness, values education and schooling for sustainability in Bhutan. In Gorana, R. N. and Kanaujia, P. R. (Eds.), Reorienting educational efforts for sustainable development: Experiences from South Asia, pp. 71–88. Netherlands: Springer. Ura, K. (2017). Bhutan’s Indian rupee shortage: Macroeconomic causes and cures. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2017). The experience of Gross National Happiness as a development framework. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2016). Balancing GDP with GNH. In Thomas, S. T. (Ed.), Globalization and development: In search of new development paradigm (Vol. III), pp. 3–38. London and New York: Routledge.
Ura, K. (2013). Destiny of Nations. In Redeveloping America. UK/US: McMillan.
Ura, K. (1997). Development and tradition. In Schickgruber, C. and Pommaret, F. (Eds.), Mountain fortress of the gods, pp. 239–252. London: Serindia Publications.
Ura, K. (1994). Development and decentralization in medieval and modern Bhutan. In Aris, M., and Hutt, M. (Eds.), Bhutan: Aspects of culture and development. Scotland: Paul Strachan – Kiscadale Ltd.
Ura, K., Stringer, R., and Bulte, E. (2009). Wildlife and Human Conflicts in Bhutan. In Lipper, L., Sakuyama, T., Stringer, R., and Zilberman, D. (Eds.), Payment for environmental services in agricultural landscapes. Natural Resource Management and Policy, (Vol. XXXI). New York: Springer.
Articles
Ura, K. (1993). The nomads’ gamble: Pastoralists of northern Bhutan. In South Asia Research (Vol. XIII), pp. 81–101. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Ura, K. and Pablos, P. O. d. (Eds.). (2012). Advancing technologies for Asian business and economics: Information management developments. US: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.
Ura, K and Santos, E. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement of Poverty in Bhutan. Journal of Bhutan Studies, 18 (1). pp. 1–50.

OPHI and the World Food Programme analysed the impact on multidimensional poverty of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme for refugees in Turkey, one of the largest humanitarian cash transfer schemes in the world. This report develops a tailor-made refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and then uses it to assess the impact of the programme on beneficiaries, demonstrating an important application of the MPI for designing more effective poverty reduction programmes.
This report was commissioned by WFP with funding from the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO).
Citation: OPHI and WFP (2022). Meta-Analysis of the impact and lessons learned for implementation of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme in Turkey (2016–20). Part 2: Focus Areas 2 and 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and World Food Programme (WFP).
This paper presents mpitb a toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices (MPI). The Stata package mpitb comprises several subcommands to facilitate specification, estimation, and analyses of MPIs and supports the popular Alkire-Foster framework to multidimensional poverty measurement. mpitb offers several benefits to researchers, analysts and practitioners working on MPIs, including substantial time savings (e.g., due to lower data management and programming requirements) while allowing for a more comprehensive analysis at the same time. Moreover, the toolbox encourages to report standard errors or confidence intervals.
Citation: Suppa, N. (2022). ‘mpitb: A toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices,’ OPHI Research in Progress 62a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed house- holds are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the $1.90/ day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9826): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa; Kovesdi, Fanni; Santamaria, Julieth; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9826. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y, Alkire, S, Ekhator-Mobayode, U.E., Kovesdi, F., Santamaria, J. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘A multi-country analysis of multidimensional poverty in contexts of forced displacement’, OPHI Working Paper 140, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues – multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement – Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9823): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9823. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y., Alkire, S. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘Multidimensional poverty, gender, and forced displacement: A multi-country, intrahousehold analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa’, OPHI Working Paper 139, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.

A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
This report by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics analyses the vulnerability of the population of Maldives to poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic using a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).
The MVI identifies the vulnerable population who face more than three vulnerabilities to COVID-19, shows where these vulnerable groups live, and which deprivations increase their vulnerability. The MVI is, thus, a policy tool to direct action towards the most needed groups during COVID-19.
The index is based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019 (HIES 2019) and includes five dimensions measured at the household level: education, employment, health, housing and basic services. These dimensions have been selected to include the dimensions captured in the Maldives’ national MPI (launched in 2020 and based on 2016 data), and also to capture the impact of the pandemic on households.
Key findings include:
- 29.4% of the population is multidimensionally vulnerable to poverty and experiences, on average, close to half of the weighted deprivations (47.6%). The overall MVI is 0.140.
- Multidimensionally vulnerable individuals face the highest levels of deprivation in access to safe drinking water; living in a household with at least one youth who is not in education, employment or training (NEET); and, access to improved sanitation, followed by access to internet or IT assets.
- 50% of the population living in the Atolls and 7% of the population in Male’ are vulnerable. The profile of overlapping deprivations in the Atolls and Male’ share some attributes, but are not the same. For instance, the dimension of basic services contributes the most to overall vulnerability in the Atolls, whereas the opposite is true in Male’.
- Children under 18 years old and the elderly aged 65 and above are the most multidimensionally vulnerable age groups.
- Households with any member living with disabilities experience significantly higher levels of multidimensional vulnerability than households without any member living with disabilities.
Citation: MBS (2022). A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in Times of Covid-19. Maldives Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Maldives.
Download A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
Visit Maldives Bureau of Statistics website

Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index
Evidence indicates that poverty worldwide is concentrated in rural areas, and that agriculture is central to the livelihoods and food security of these population groups. This extended and jointly authored report with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) articulates a conceptual framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas, and develops a rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The rural MPI is applied to four countries – Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger and Nigeria – and presents exciting new insights relevant for policymakers, academics and practitioners working on rural poverty alleviation.
The first part of the report proposes a framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas and describes the motivation for the Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (R-MPI) proposal, which departs from the established global Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), first designed in 2010 as an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries, by adding modifications in the dimensions and embedded indicators. The second part of this report presents an empirical test of the proposed R-MPI, using data from four household surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Malawi, the Niger, and Nigeria which are harmonized within the Rural Livelihoods Information System (RuLIS).
Citation: FAO and OPHI (2022). Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
Download the Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach.

This brief, focusing on Bangladesh, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in this IsDB Member Country. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sylhet, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 5, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Asia region, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in seven IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Bangladesh, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in Asia using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 4, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Africa and Latin America regions, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in 20 IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sierra Leone, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in the Africa and Latin America regions using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.
Conditions for the Most Robust Poverty Comparisons Using the Alkire-Foster Family of Measures
In this recording Gaston Yalonetzky, lecturer at the Leeds University Business School introduces a paper, ‘Conditions for the Most Robust Poverty Comparisons Using the Alkire-Foster Family of Measures’ that extends the dominance results derived by Lasso de la Vega (2009) and Alkire and Foster (2010) for the adjusted headcount ratio in the Alkire- Foster measure and develops a new condition whose fulfillment ensures the robustness of comparisons using the adjusted headcount ratio for any choice of multidimensional cut-off and for any weights and poverty lines. The paper then derives a first-order dominance condition for the whole Alkire-Foster family (that is, for continuous variables).
Special seminar Oxford | 7 June 2012 | Inequality in Latin America
Professor Jacques Silber | Inequality in Latin America
Podcast of a special seminar ‘On Relative Bi-Polarization and the Middle Class in Latin America’, Professor Jacques Silber will be available 8 June 2012. The seminar will be chaired by Sir Tony Atkinson and is co-hosted by OPHI and the Department of Economics, University of Oxford.
Slides from the presentation can be accessed here.
On Relative Bi-Polarization and the Middle Class in Latin America
A Look at the First Decade of the 21st Century
Professor Jacques Silber
Chair: Sir Tony Atkinson
Jacques Silber is Professor of Economics at Bar-Ilan University, Israel. He is the founding editor of the Journal of Economic Inequality, and an OPHI Research Fellow. Professor Silber’s new work provides fresh insights into inequality in Latin America, which is sometimes called the most unequal region in the world. The new work looks at socio-economic mobility and the middle class in Latin America (2000–2009), particularly changes in bi-polarization using Latinobarómetro survey data for 15 countries.
Sir Tony Atkinson, Professor of Economics, University of Oxford and Senior Research Fellow at Nuffield College, will chair the seminar.
About the speakers
Professor Silber is a leading specialist in distributional analysis, with contributions in the fields of income inequality and poverty measurement, as well as discrimination and segregation in the labour market. His edited and authored books include:
• Handbook on Income Inequality Measurement (with a foreword by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen), 1999;
• The Measurement of Segregation and Discrimination in the Labor Force (with Y. Flückiger), 1999;
• The Many Dimensions of Poverty (with Nanak Kakwani), 2007; and
• Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement (with Nanak Kakwani), 2009.
Professor Atkinson is an advisor to OPHI and has been President of the Royal Economic Society, of the Econometric Society, of the European Economic Association, and of the International Economic Association.
Ask a question
For questions and comments on Professor Silber’s talk use the Twitter hashtag #jsoxford.
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Video ‘New Frontiers in Poverty Measurement’ ~ James E. Foster
James E. Foster seminar on ‘New Frontiers in Poverty Measurement’
Watch a recording of Professor James E. Foster’s special seminar at the University of Oxford on New Frontiers in Poverty Measurement, April 30. This special seminar was co-hosted by OPHI and the Department of Economics.
Download lecture slides for this presentation.
James E. Foster is Professor of Economics and International Affairs at George Washington University and a Research Associate at OPHI. His research focuses on welfare economics — using economic tools to evaluate the well-being of people. His joint 1984 Econometrica paper is one of the most cited papers on poverty. The paper introduced the FGT Index, which has been used in thousands of studies and was the basis for targeting the Progresa/Oportunidades program in Mexico.
Ask a question
Questions and comments on Professor Foster’s talk used the Twitter hashtag #jfoxford. See the conversation below.
[twitter-feed mode=”hashtag” hashtag=”jfoxford” num=10 ulclass=twitterlist]
Global MPI
The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional income-based poverty measures by capturing the deprivations that each person faces at the same time with respect to education, health and living standards.

Job title: Visiting Fellow
Email: Please contact ophi@qeh.ox.ac.uk
Biography
Dasho Karma Ura has been the Executive President of The Centre for Bhutan Studies since 2008. From 1989 to 1998, he worked in the Planning Commission of Bhutan before joining the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies. He is a member of several international boards and working groups including the Advisory Board of the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, the Earth Trusteeship Working Group (ETWG), the Global Happiness Council in the UAE, and the World Happiness Report.
Education
BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, UK.
MPhil in Economics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
PhD, Nagoya University, Japan.
Research interests
Development policies; GNH (Gross National Happiness); wellbeing policy indicators; Buddhist iconographic painting and designs.
Selected publications
Books
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Community and Livelihood, Vol. 1 Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Art and Ideals, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (1995). The hero with a thousand Eyes: A historical novel. Thimphu: Karma Ura.
Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., and Wangdi, K. (2012). An extensive Analysis of GNH. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan Studies & GNH Research.
Ura, K. and Thinley, J. (Trans). (2020) Discourse on the legal decree of Precious Palden Drukpa, victorious in all directions. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Book chapters
Ura, K. (2019). In Mearman, A., Berger, S., and Guizza, D. (Eds.). What is heterodox economics? Conversation with leadings economists (pp. 82–93). Routledge.
Ura, K. (2016). Longchen’s forests of poetry and rivers of composition: Introduction and translation of “The illuminating map – titled as forest park of flower garden – of Bumthang, the divine hidden land” by Longchen Ramjam (1308-1363). Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Ura, K. (2016). Gross National Happiness, values education and schooling for sustainability in Bhutan. In Gorana, R. N. and Kanaujia, P. R. (Eds.), Reorienting educational efforts for sustainable development: Experiences from South Asia, pp. 71–88. Netherlands: Springer. Ura, K. (2017). Bhutan’s Indian rupee shortage: Macroeconomic causes and cures. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2017). The experience of Gross National Happiness as a development framework. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2016). Balancing GDP with GNH. In Thomas, S. T. (Ed.), Globalization and development: In search of new development paradigm (Vol. III), pp. 3–38. London and New York: Routledge.
Ura, K. (2013). Destiny of Nations. In Redeveloping America. UK/US: McMillan.
Ura, K. (1997). Development and tradition. In Schickgruber, C. and Pommaret, F. (Eds.), Mountain fortress of the gods, pp. 239–252. London: Serindia Publications.
Ura, K. (1994). Development and decentralization in medieval and modern Bhutan. In Aris, M., and Hutt, M. (Eds.), Bhutan: Aspects of culture and development. Scotland: Paul Strachan – Kiscadale Ltd.
Ura, K., Stringer, R., and Bulte, E. (2009). Wildlife and Human Conflicts in Bhutan. In Lipper, L., Sakuyama, T., Stringer, R., and Zilberman, D. (Eds.), Payment for environmental services in agricultural landscapes. Natural Resource Management and Policy, (Vol. XXXI). New York: Springer.
Articles
Ura, K. (1993). The nomads’ gamble: Pastoralists of northern Bhutan. In South Asia Research (Vol. XIII), pp. 81–101. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Ura, K. and Pablos, P. O. d. (Eds.). (2012). Advancing technologies for Asian business and economics: Information management developments. US: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.
Ura, K and Santos, E. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement of Poverty in Bhutan. Journal of Bhutan Studies, 18 (1). pp. 1–50.

OPHI and the World Food Programme analysed the impact on multidimensional poverty of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme for refugees in Turkey, one of the largest humanitarian cash transfer schemes in the world. This report develops a tailor-made refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and then uses it to assess the impact of the programme on beneficiaries, demonstrating an important application of the MPI for designing more effective poverty reduction programmes.
This report was commissioned by WFP with funding from the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO).
Citation: OPHI and WFP (2022). Meta-Analysis of the impact and lessons learned for implementation of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme in Turkey (2016–20). Part 2: Focus Areas 2 and 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and World Food Programme (WFP).
This paper presents mpitb a toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices (MPI). The Stata package mpitb comprises several subcommands to facilitate specification, estimation, and analyses of MPIs and supports the popular Alkire-Foster framework to multidimensional poverty measurement. mpitb offers several benefits to researchers, analysts and practitioners working on MPIs, including substantial time savings (e.g., due to lower data management and programming requirements) while allowing for a more comprehensive analysis at the same time. Moreover, the toolbox encourages to report standard errors or confidence intervals.
Citation: Suppa, N. (2022). ‘mpitb: A toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices,’ OPHI Research in Progress 62a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed house- holds are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the $1.90/ day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9826): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa; Kovesdi, Fanni; Santamaria, Julieth; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9826. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y, Alkire, S, Ekhator-Mobayode, U.E., Kovesdi, F., Santamaria, J. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘A multi-country analysis of multidimensional poverty in contexts of forced displacement’, OPHI Working Paper 140, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues – multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement – Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9823): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9823. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y., Alkire, S. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘Multidimensional poverty, gender, and forced displacement: A multi-country, intrahousehold analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa’, OPHI Working Paper 139, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.

A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
This report by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics analyses the vulnerability of the population of Maldives to poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic using a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).
The MVI identifies the vulnerable population who face more than three vulnerabilities to COVID-19, shows where these vulnerable groups live, and which deprivations increase their vulnerability. The MVI is, thus, a policy tool to direct action towards the most needed groups during COVID-19.
The index is based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019 (HIES 2019) and includes five dimensions measured at the household level: education, employment, health, housing and basic services. These dimensions have been selected to include the dimensions captured in the Maldives’ national MPI (launched in 2020 and based on 2016 data), and also to capture the impact of the pandemic on households.
Key findings include:
- 29.4% of the population is multidimensionally vulnerable to poverty and experiences, on average, close to half of the weighted deprivations (47.6%). The overall MVI is 0.140.
- Multidimensionally vulnerable individuals face the highest levels of deprivation in access to safe drinking water; living in a household with at least one youth who is not in education, employment or training (NEET); and, access to improved sanitation, followed by access to internet or IT assets.
- 50% of the population living in the Atolls and 7% of the population in Male’ are vulnerable. The profile of overlapping deprivations in the Atolls and Male’ share some attributes, but are not the same. For instance, the dimension of basic services contributes the most to overall vulnerability in the Atolls, whereas the opposite is true in Male’.
- Children under 18 years old and the elderly aged 65 and above are the most multidimensionally vulnerable age groups.
- Households with any member living with disabilities experience significantly higher levels of multidimensional vulnerability than households without any member living with disabilities.
Citation: MBS (2022). A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in Times of Covid-19. Maldives Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Maldives.
Download A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
Visit Maldives Bureau of Statistics website

Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index
Evidence indicates that poverty worldwide is concentrated in rural areas, and that agriculture is central to the livelihoods and food security of these population groups. This extended and jointly authored report with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) articulates a conceptual framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas, and develops a rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The rural MPI is applied to four countries – Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger and Nigeria – and presents exciting new insights relevant for policymakers, academics and practitioners working on rural poverty alleviation.
The first part of the report proposes a framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas and describes the motivation for the Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (R-MPI) proposal, which departs from the established global Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), first designed in 2010 as an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries, by adding modifications in the dimensions and embedded indicators. The second part of this report presents an empirical test of the proposed R-MPI, using data from four household surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Malawi, the Niger, and Nigeria which are harmonized within the Rural Livelihoods Information System (RuLIS).
Citation: FAO and OPHI (2022). Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
Download the Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach.

This brief, focusing on Bangladesh, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in this IsDB Member Country. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sylhet, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 5, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Asia region, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in seven IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Bangladesh, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in Asia using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 4, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Africa and Latin America regions, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in 20 IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sierra Leone, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in the Africa and Latin America regions using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.
Temporal Mapping of Poverty Using Synthetic Panel Data
In this recording Nicolas Ruiz, Analyst at the Statistics Directorate at OECD, presents joint work with Peter Lanjouw of the World Bank on Temporal Mapping of Poverty Using Synthetic Panel Data.

Job title: Visiting Fellow
Email: Please contact ophi@qeh.ox.ac.uk
Biography
Dasho Karma Ura has been the Executive President of The Centre for Bhutan Studies since 2008. From 1989 to 1998, he worked in the Planning Commission of Bhutan before joining the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies. He is a member of several international boards and working groups including the Advisory Board of the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, the Earth Trusteeship Working Group (ETWG), the Global Happiness Council in the UAE, and the World Happiness Report.
Education
BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, UK.
MPhil in Economics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
PhD, Nagoya University, Japan.
Research interests
Development policies; GNH (Gross National Happiness); wellbeing policy indicators; Buddhist iconographic painting and designs.
Selected publications
Books
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Community and Livelihood, Vol. 1 Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Art and Ideals, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (1995). The hero with a thousand Eyes: A historical novel. Thimphu: Karma Ura.
Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., and Wangdi, K. (2012). An extensive Analysis of GNH. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan Studies & GNH Research.
Ura, K. and Thinley, J. (Trans). (2020) Discourse on the legal decree of Precious Palden Drukpa, victorious in all directions. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Book chapters
Ura, K. (2019). In Mearman, A., Berger, S., and Guizza, D. (Eds.). What is heterodox economics? Conversation with leadings economists (pp. 82–93). Routledge.
Ura, K. (2016). Longchen’s forests of poetry and rivers of composition: Introduction and translation of “The illuminating map – titled as forest park of flower garden – of Bumthang, the divine hidden land” by Longchen Ramjam (1308-1363). Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Ura, K. (2016). Gross National Happiness, values education and schooling for sustainability in Bhutan. In Gorana, R. N. and Kanaujia, P. R. (Eds.), Reorienting educational efforts for sustainable development: Experiences from South Asia, pp. 71–88. Netherlands: Springer. Ura, K. (2017). Bhutan’s Indian rupee shortage: Macroeconomic causes and cures. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2017). The experience of Gross National Happiness as a development framework. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2016). Balancing GDP with GNH. In Thomas, S. T. (Ed.), Globalization and development: In search of new development paradigm (Vol. III), pp. 3–38. London and New York: Routledge.
Ura, K. (2013). Destiny of Nations. In Redeveloping America. UK/US: McMillan.
Ura, K. (1997). Development and tradition. In Schickgruber, C. and Pommaret, F. (Eds.), Mountain fortress of the gods, pp. 239–252. London: Serindia Publications.
Ura, K. (1994). Development and decentralization in medieval and modern Bhutan. In Aris, M., and Hutt, M. (Eds.), Bhutan: Aspects of culture and development. Scotland: Paul Strachan – Kiscadale Ltd.
Ura, K., Stringer, R., and Bulte, E. (2009). Wildlife and Human Conflicts in Bhutan. In Lipper, L., Sakuyama, T., Stringer, R., and Zilberman, D. (Eds.), Payment for environmental services in agricultural landscapes. Natural Resource Management and Policy, (Vol. XXXI). New York: Springer.
Articles
Ura, K. (1993). The nomads’ gamble: Pastoralists of northern Bhutan. In South Asia Research (Vol. XIII), pp. 81–101. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Ura, K. and Pablos, P. O. d. (Eds.). (2012). Advancing technologies for Asian business and economics: Information management developments. US: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.
Ura, K and Santos, E. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement of Poverty in Bhutan. Journal of Bhutan Studies, 18 (1). pp. 1–50.

OPHI and the World Food Programme analysed the impact on multidimensional poverty of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme for refugees in Turkey, one of the largest humanitarian cash transfer schemes in the world. This report develops a tailor-made refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and then uses it to assess the impact of the programme on beneficiaries, demonstrating an important application of the MPI for designing more effective poverty reduction programmes.
This report was commissioned by WFP with funding from the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO).
Citation: OPHI and WFP (2022). Meta-Analysis of the impact and lessons learned for implementation of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme in Turkey (2016–20). Part 2: Focus Areas 2 and 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and World Food Programme (WFP).
This paper presents mpitb a toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices (MPI). The Stata package mpitb comprises several subcommands to facilitate specification, estimation, and analyses of MPIs and supports the popular Alkire-Foster framework to multidimensional poverty measurement. mpitb offers several benefits to researchers, analysts and practitioners working on MPIs, including substantial time savings (e.g., due to lower data management and programming requirements) while allowing for a more comprehensive analysis at the same time. Moreover, the toolbox encourages to report standard errors or confidence intervals.
Citation: Suppa, N. (2022). ‘mpitb: A toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices,’ OPHI Research in Progress 62a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed house- holds are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the $1.90/ day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9826): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa; Kovesdi, Fanni; Santamaria, Julieth; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9826. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y, Alkire, S, Ekhator-Mobayode, U.E., Kovesdi, F., Santamaria, J. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘A multi-country analysis of multidimensional poverty in contexts of forced displacement’, OPHI Working Paper 140, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues – multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement – Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9823): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9823. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y., Alkire, S. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘Multidimensional poverty, gender, and forced displacement: A multi-country, intrahousehold analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa’, OPHI Working Paper 139, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.

A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
This report by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics analyses the vulnerability of the population of Maldives to poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic using a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).
The MVI identifies the vulnerable population who face more than three vulnerabilities to COVID-19, shows where these vulnerable groups live, and which deprivations increase their vulnerability. The MVI is, thus, a policy tool to direct action towards the most needed groups during COVID-19.
The index is based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019 (HIES 2019) and includes five dimensions measured at the household level: education, employment, health, housing and basic services. These dimensions have been selected to include the dimensions captured in the Maldives’ national MPI (launched in 2020 and based on 2016 data), and also to capture the impact of the pandemic on households.
Key findings include:
- 29.4% of the population is multidimensionally vulnerable to poverty and experiences, on average, close to half of the weighted deprivations (47.6%). The overall MVI is 0.140.
- Multidimensionally vulnerable individuals face the highest levels of deprivation in access to safe drinking water; living in a household with at least one youth who is not in education, employment or training (NEET); and, access to improved sanitation, followed by access to internet or IT assets.
- 50% of the population living in the Atolls and 7% of the population in Male’ are vulnerable. The profile of overlapping deprivations in the Atolls and Male’ share some attributes, but are not the same. For instance, the dimension of basic services contributes the most to overall vulnerability in the Atolls, whereas the opposite is true in Male’.
- Children under 18 years old and the elderly aged 65 and above are the most multidimensionally vulnerable age groups.
- Households with any member living with disabilities experience significantly higher levels of multidimensional vulnerability than households without any member living with disabilities.
Citation: MBS (2022). A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in Times of Covid-19. Maldives Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Maldives.
Download A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
Visit Maldives Bureau of Statistics website

Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index
Evidence indicates that poverty worldwide is concentrated in rural areas, and that agriculture is central to the livelihoods and food security of these population groups. This extended and jointly authored report with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) articulates a conceptual framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas, and develops a rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The rural MPI is applied to four countries – Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger and Nigeria – and presents exciting new insights relevant for policymakers, academics and practitioners working on rural poverty alleviation.
The first part of the report proposes a framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas and describes the motivation for the Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (R-MPI) proposal, which departs from the established global Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), first designed in 2010 as an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries, by adding modifications in the dimensions and embedded indicators. The second part of this report presents an empirical test of the proposed R-MPI, using data from four household surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Malawi, the Niger, and Nigeria which are harmonized within the Rural Livelihoods Information System (RuLIS).
Citation: FAO and OPHI (2022). Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
Download the Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach.

This brief, focusing on Bangladesh, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in this IsDB Member Country. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sylhet, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 5, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Asia region, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in seven IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Bangladesh, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in Asia using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 4, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Africa and Latin America regions, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in 20 IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sierra Leone, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in the Africa and Latin America regions using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.
Sub-national Disparities and Inter-temporal Evolution of Multidimensional Poverty across Developing Countries
In this recording Suman Seth, OPHI Research Officer, introduces “Sub-national Disparities and Inter-temporal Evolution of Multidimensional Poverty across Developing Countries”, a paper, co-authored with Sabina Alkire and Jose Manuel Roche of Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) results. His talk focuses on new analyses of sub-national decompositions and changes over time for 1.4 billion of the 1.65 billion MPI poor people identified by the MPI in 2011. It analyses the incidence, intensity and composition of multidimensional poverty at sub-national levels for 66 developing countries, and presents poverty estimates for 683 sub-national regions. Finally, he presents analysis of changes over time for ten countries and their 158 sub-national regions for which we have comparable data across two different periods of time, providing information regarding the reduction of each indicator within each region.

Job title: Visiting Fellow
Email: Please contact ophi@qeh.ox.ac.uk
Biography
Dasho Karma Ura has been the Executive President of The Centre for Bhutan Studies since 2008. From 1989 to 1998, he worked in the Planning Commission of Bhutan before joining the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies. He is a member of several international boards and working groups including the Advisory Board of the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, the Earth Trusteeship Working Group (ETWG), the Global Happiness Council in the UAE, and the World Happiness Report.
Education
BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, UK.
MPhil in Economics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
PhD, Nagoya University, Japan.
Research interests
Development policies; GNH (Gross National Happiness); wellbeing policy indicators; Buddhist iconographic painting and designs.
Selected publications
Books
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Community and Livelihood, Vol. 1 Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Art and Ideals, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (1995). The hero with a thousand Eyes: A historical novel. Thimphu: Karma Ura.
Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., and Wangdi, K. (2012). An extensive Analysis of GNH. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan Studies & GNH Research.
Ura, K. and Thinley, J. (Trans). (2020) Discourse on the legal decree of Precious Palden Drukpa, victorious in all directions. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Book chapters
Ura, K. (2019). In Mearman, A., Berger, S., and Guizza, D. (Eds.). What is heterodox economics? Conversation with leadings economists (pp. 82–93). Routledge.
Ura, K. (2016). Longchen’s forests of poetry and rivers of composition: Introduction and translation of “The illuminating map – titled as forest park of flower garden – of Bumthang, the divine hidden land” by Longchen Ramjam (1308-1363). Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Ura, K. (2016). Gross National Happiness, values education and schooling for sustainability in Bhutan. In Gorana, R. N. and Kanaujia, P. R. (Eds.), Reorienting educational efforts for sustainable development: Experiences from South Asia, pp. 71–88. Netherlands: Springer. Ura, K. (2017). Bhutan’s Indian rupee shortage: Macroeconomic causes and cures. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2017). The experience of Gross National Happiness as a development framework. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2016). Balancing GDP with GNH. In Thomas, S. T. (Ed.), Globalization and development: In search of new development paradigm (Vol. III), pp. 3–38. London and New York: Routledge.
Ura, K. (2013). Destiny of Nations. In Redeveloping America. UK/US: McMillan.
Ura, K. (1997). Development and tradition. In Schickgruber, C. and Pommaret, F. (Eds.), Mountain fortress of the gods, pp. 239–252. London: Serindia Publications.
Ura, K. (1994). Development and decentralization in medieval and modern Bhutan. In Aris, M., and Hutt, M. (Eds.), Bhutan: Aspects of culture and development. Scotland: Paul Strachan – Kiscadale Ltd.
Ura, K., Stringer, R., and Bulte, E. (2009). Wildlife and Human Conflicts in Bhutan. In Lipper, L., Sakuyama, T., Stringer, R., and Zilberman, D. (Eds.), Payment for environmental services in agricultural landscapes. Natural Resource Management and Policy, (Vol. XXXI). New York: Springer.
Articles
Ura, K. (1993). The nomads’ gamble: Pastoralists of northern Bhutan. In South Asia Research (Vol. XIII), pp. 81–101. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Ura, K. and Pablos, P. O. d. (Eds.). (2012). Advancing technologies for Asian business and economics: Information management developments. US: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.
Ura, K and Santos, E. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement of Poverty in Bhutan. Journal of Bhutan Studies, 18 (1). pp. 1–50.

OPHI and the World Food Programme analysed the impact on multidimensional poverty of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme for refugees in Turkey, one of the largest humanitarian cash transfer schemes in the world. This report develops a tailor-made refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and then uses it to assess the impact of the programme on beneficiaries, demonstrating an important application of the MPI for designing more effective poverty reduction programmes.
This report was commissioned by WFP with funding from the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO).
Citation: OPHI and WFP (2022). Meta-Analysis of the impact and lessons learned for implementation of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme in Turkey (2016–20). Part 2: Focus Areas 2 and 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and World Food Programme (WFP).
This paper presents mpitb a toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices (MPI). The Stata package mpitb comprises several subcommands to facilitate specification, estimation, and analyses of MPIs and supports the popular Alkire-Foster framework to multidimensional poverty measurement. mpitb offers several benefits to researchers, analysts and practitioners working on MPIs, including substantial time savings (e.g., due to lower data management and programming requirements) while allowing for a more comprehensive analysis at the same time. Moreover, the toolbox encourages to report standard errors or confidence intervals.
Citation: Suppa, N. (2022). ‘mpitb: A toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices,’ OPHI Research in Progress 62a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed house- holds are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the $1.90/ day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9826): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa; Kovesdi, Fanni; Santamaria, Julieth; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9826. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y, Alkire, S, Ekhator-Mobayode, U.E., Kovesdi, F., Santamaria, J. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘A multi-country analysis of multidimensional poverty in contexts of forced displacement’, OPHI Working Paper 140, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues – multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement – Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9823): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9823. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y., Alkire, S. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘Multidimensional poverty, gender, and forced displacement: A multi-country, intrahousehold analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa’, OPHI Working Paper 139, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.

A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
This report by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics analyses the vulnerability of the population of Maldives to poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic using a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).
The MVI identifies the vulnerable population who face more than three vulnerabilities to COVID-19, shows where these vulnerable groups live, and which deprivations increase their vulnerability. The MVI is, thus, a policy tool to direct action towards the most needed groups during COVID-19.
The index is based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019 (HIES 2019) and includes five dimensions measured at the household level: education, employment, health, housing and basic services. These dimensions have been selected to include the dimensions captured in the Maldives’ national MPI (launched in 2020 and based on 2016 data), and also to capture the impact of the pandemic on households.
Key findings include:
- 29.4% of the population is multidimensionally vulnerable to poverty and experiences, on average, close to half of the weighted deprivations (47.6%). The overall MVI is 0.140.
- Multidimensionally vulnerable individuals face the highest levels of deprivation in access to safe drinking water; living in a household with at least one youth who is not in education, employment or training (NEET); and, access to improved sanitation, followed by access to internet or IT assets.
- 50% of the population living in the Atolls and 7% of the population in Male’ are vulnerable. The profile of overlapping deprivations in the Atolls and Male’ share some attributes, but are not the same. For instance, the dimension of basic services contributes the most to overall vulnerability in the Atolls, whereas the opposite is true in Male’.
- Children under 18 years old and the elderly aged 65 and above are the most multidimensionally vulnerable age groups.
- Households with any member living with disabilities experience significantly higher levels of multidimensional vulnerability than households without any member living with disabilities.
Citation: MBS (2022). A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in Times of Covid-19. Maldives Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Maldives.
Download A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
Visit Maldives Bureau of Statistics website

Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index
Evidence indicates that poverty worldwide is concentrated in rural areas, and that agriculture is central to the livelihoods and food security of these population groups. This extended and jointly authored report with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) articulates a conceptual framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas, and develops a rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The rural MPI is applied to four countries – Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger and Nigeria – and presents exciting new insights relevant for policymakers, academics and practitioners working on rural poverty alleviation.
The first part of the report proposes a framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas and describes the motivation for the Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (R-MPI) proposal, which departs from the established global Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), first designed in 2010 as an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries, by adding modifications in the dimensions and embedded indicators. The second part of this report presents an empirical test of the proposed R-MPI, using data from four household surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Malawi, the Niger, and Nigeria which are harmonized within the Rural Livelihoods Information System (RuLIS).
Citation: FAO and OPHI (2022). Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
Download the Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach.

This brief, focusing on Bangladesh, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in this IsDB Member Country. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sylhet, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 5, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Asia region, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in seven IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Bangladesh, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in Asia using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 4, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Africa and Latin America regions, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in 20 IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sierra Leone, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in the Africa and Latin America regions using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.
Special Policy Forum – MPI 2011 Findings
On 7 December, OPHI released new MPI analysis for 2011 at a special policy forum in London, UK. Presentations of the new work by Sabina Alkire, José Manuel Roche and Suman Seth were followed by responses from Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Columbia University and Professor James Foster, George Washington University. The panel was chaired by Joanna Macrae of DFID’s Research and Evidence Division, which featured a lively Q&A.
Key findings for the MPI 2011:
- Most MPI poor people live in middle-income countries – as do most ‘severely’ MPI poor people
- 50% of the MPI poor people live in South Asia and 29% in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Income classifications hide wide disparities in MPI poverty: The percentage of MPI poor people in low income countries varies from 5% to 92%; in middle income, from 1-77%.
- MPI varies within countries, sometimes greatly.
- Poverty reduction over time varies by dimension and by region.
A range of resources are available for the MPI 2011 including poverty maps, country briefings, data tables, case studies of people living in MPI poverty, and briefing reports – they can be accessed at: http://www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/
Global MPI
The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional income-based poverty measures by capturing the deprivations that each person faces at the same time with respect to education, health and living standards.

Job title: Visiting Fellow
Email: Please contact ophi@qeh.ox.ac.uk
Biography
Dasho Karma Ura has been the Executive President of The Centre for Bhutan Studies since 2008. From 1989 to 1998, he worked in the Planning Commission of Bhutan before joining the Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies. He is a member of several international boards and working groups including the Advisory Board of the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, the Earth Trusteeship Working Group (ETWG), the Global Happiness Council in the UAE, and the World Happiness Report.
Education
BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, UK.
MPhil in Economics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
PhD, Nagoya University, Japan.
Research interests
Development policies; GNH (Gross National Happiness); wellbeing policy indicators; Buddhist iconographic painting and designs.
Selected publications
Books
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Community and Livelihood, Vol. 1 Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (2022). The Unremembered Nation – Bhutan, Art and Ideals, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP (forthcoming in July 2022).
Ura, K. (1995). The hero with a thousand Eyes: A historical novel. Thimphu: Karma Ura.
Ura, K., Alkire, S., Zangmo, T., and Wangdi, K. (2012). An extensive Analysis of GNH. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan Studies & GNH Research.
Ura, K. and Thinley, J. (Trans). (2020) Discourse on the legal decree of Precious Palden Drukpa, victorious in all directions. Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Book chapters
Ura, K. (2019). In Mearman, A., Berger, S., and Guizza, D. (Eds.). What is heterodox economics? Conversation with leadings economists (pp. 82–93). Routledge.
Ura, K. (2016). Longchen’s forests of poetry and rivers of composition: Introduction and translation of “The illuminating map – titled as forest park of flower garden – of Bumthang, the divine hidden land” by Longchen Ramjam (1308-1363). Thimphu: Centre for Bhutan and GNH Studies.
Ura, K. (2016). Gross National Happiness, values education and schooling for sustainability in Bhutan. In Gorana, R. N. and Kanaujia, P. R. (Eds.), Reorienting educational efforts for sustainable development: Experiences from South Asia, pp. 71–88. Netherlands: Springer. Ura, K. (2017). Bhutan’s Indian rupee shortage: Macroeconomic causes and cures. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2017). The experience of Gross National Happiness as a development framework. In Mitra, S., and Jeong, H. Y. (Eds.), Bhutan: New pathways to growth. New Delhi: ADB and Oxford University Press.
Ura, K. (2016). Balancing GDP with GNH. In Thomas, S. T. (Ed.), Globalization and development: In search of new development paradigm (Vol. III), pp. 3–38. London and New York: Routledge.
Ura, K. (2013). Destiny of Nations. In Redeveloping America. UK/US: McMillan.
Ura, K. (1997). Development and tradition. In Schickgruber, C. and Pommaret, F. (Eds.), Mountain fortress of the gods, pp. 239–252. London: Serindia Publications.
Ura, K. (1994). Development and decentralization in medieval and modern Bhutan. In Aris, M., and Hutt, M. (Eds.), Bhutan: Aspects of culture and development. Scotland: Paul Strachan – Kiscadale Ltd.
Ura, K., Stringer, R., and Bulte, E. (2009). Wildlife and Human Conflicts in Bhutan. In Lipper, L., Sakuyama, T., Stringer, R., and Zilberman, D. (Eds.), Payment for environmental services in agricultural landscapes. Natural Resource Management and Policy, (Vol. XXXI). New York: Springer.
Articles
Ura, K. (1993). The nomads’ gamble: Pastoralists of northern Bhutan. In South Asia Research (Vol. XIII), pp. 81–101. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Ura, K. and Pablos, P. O. d. (Eds.). (2012). Advancing technologies for Asian business and economics: Information management developments. US: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.
Ura, K and Santos, E. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement of Poverty in Bhutan. Journal of Bhutan Studies, 18 (1). pp. 1–50.

OPHI and the World Food Programme analysed the impact on multidimensional poverty of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme for refugees in Turkey, one of the largest humanitarian cash transfer schemes in the world. This report develops a tailor-made refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and then uses it to assess the impact of the programme on beneficiaries, demonstrating an important application of the MPI for designing more effective poverty reduction programmes.
This report was commissioned by WFP with funding from the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO).
Citation: OPHI and WFP (2022). Meta-Analysis of the impact and lessons learned for implementation of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme in Turkey (2016–20). Part 2: Focus Areas 2 and 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and World Food Programme (WFP).
This paper presents mpitb a toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices (MPI). The Stata package mpitb comprises several subcommands to facilitate specification, estimation, and analyses of MPIs and supports the popular Alkire-Foster framework to multidimensional poverty measurement. mpitb offers several benefits to researchers, analysts and practitioners working on MPIs, including substantial time savings (e.g., due to lower data management and programming requirements) while allowing for a more comprehensive analysis at the same time. Moreover, the toolbox encourages to report standard errors or confidence intervals.
Citation: Suppa, N. (2022). ‘mpitb: A toolbox for multidimensional poverty indices,’ OPHI Research in Progress 62a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed house- holds are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the $1.90/ day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9826): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa; Kovesdi, Fanni; Santamaria, Julieth; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9826. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y, Alkire, S, Ekhator-Mobayode, U.E., Kovesdi, F., Santamaria, J. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘A multi-country analysis of multidimensional poverty in contexts of forced displacement’, OPHI Working Paper 140, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues – multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement – Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience.
This paper has previously been published in World Bank’s Policy Research Working Papers series (No. 9823): Admasu, Yeshwas; Alkire, Sabina; Scharlin-Pettee, Sophie. 2021. Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 9823. World Bank, Washington, DC. ©World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Citation: Admasu, Y., Alkire, S. and Scharlin-Pettee, S. (2022). ‘Multidimensional poverty, gender, and forced displacement: A multi-country, intrahousehold analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa’, OPHI Working Paper 139, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford.

A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
This report by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics analyses the vulnerability of the population of Maldives to poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic using a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI).
The MVI identifies the vulnerable population who face more than three vulnerabilities to COVID-19, shows where these vulnerable groups live, and which deprivations increase their vulnerability. The MVI is, thus, a policy tool to direct action towards the most needed groups during COVID-19.
The index is based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019 (HIES 2019) and includes five dimensions measured at the household level: education, employment, health, housing and basic services. These dimensions have been selected to include the dimensions captured in the Maldives’ national MPI (launched in 2020 and based on 2016 data), and also to capture the impact of the pandemic on households.
Key findings include:
- 29.4% of the population is multidimensionally vulnerable to poverty and experiences, on average, close to half of the weighted deprivations (47.6%). The overall MVI is 0.140.
- Multidimensionally vulnerable individuals face the highest levels of deprivation in access to safe drinking water; living in a household with at least one youth who is not in education, employment or training (NEET); and, access to improved sanitation, followed by access to internet or IT assets.
- 50% of the population living in the Atolls and 7% of the population in Male’ are vulnerable. The profile of overlapping deprivations in the Atolls and Male’ share some attributes, but are not the same. For instance, the dimension of basic services contributes the most to overall vulnerability in the Atolls, whereas the opposite is true in Male’.
- Children under 18 years old and the elderly aged 65 and above are the most multidimensionally vulnerable age groups.
- Households with any member living with disabilities experience significantly higher levels of multidimensional vulnerability than households without any member living with disabilities.
Citation: MBS (2022). A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in Times of Covid-19. Maldives Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Maldives.
Download A Multidimensional Vulnerability Index for the Maldives in times of Covid-19
Visit Maldives Bureau of Statistics website

Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index
Evidence indicates that poverty worldwide is concentrated in rural areas, and that agriculture is central to the livelihoods and food security of these population groups. This extended and jointly authored report with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) articulates a conceptual framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas, and develops a rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The rural MPI is applied to four countries – Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger and Nigeria – and presents exciting new insights relevant for policymakers, academics and practitioners working on rural poverty alleviation.
The first part of the report proposes a framework for measuring multidimensional poverty in rural areas and describes the motivation for the Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index (R-MPI) proposal, which departs from the established global Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), first designed in 2010 as an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries, by adding modifications in the dimensions and embedded indicators. The second part of this report presents an empirical test of the proposed R-MPI, using data from four household surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Malawi, the Niger, and Nigeria which are harmonized within the Rural Livelihoods Information System (RuLIS).
Citation: FAO and OPHI (2022). Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach: The Rural Multidimensional Poverty Index. FAO Statistical Development Series, No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
Download the Measuring Rural Poverty with a Multidimensional Approach.

This brief, focusing on Bangladesh, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in this IsDB Member Country. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sylhet, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty in Bangladesh using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 5, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Asia region, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in seven IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Bangladesh, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in Asia using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 4, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.

This brief, focusing on the Africa and Latin America regions, moves away from standard income poverty assessments and explores multidimensional poverty in 20 IsDB Member Countries for which data are available. It brings to light multidimensional poverty as experienced at the national and subnational levels, providing a basis by which IsDB country programmes and government policies can be crafted.
The brief highlights the nuances of countries’ multidimensional poverty situations through a systematic analytical framework, bringing out, for example, variations across sub-regions, between urban and rural populations, and across age groups. This brief also tracks and highlights success stories, such as in Sierra Leone, which made exemplary progress in reducing multidimensional poverty.
Citation: OPHI and IsDBI (2021). ‘Exploring multidimensional poverty across IsDB Member Countries in the Africa and Latin America regions using the global MPI’, IsDBI–OPHI Brief No. 3, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and IsDBI (Islamic Development Bank Institute), Oxford, UK.
Understandings and Misunderstandings of Multidimensional Poverty Measurement
In this recording Sabina Alkire introduces “Understandings and Misunderstandings of Multidimensional Poverty Measurement”, a paper, co-authored with James Foster and published in the Journal of Economic Inequality. She elucidates the strengths, limitations, and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement, along with the paper’s attempts to clarify the debate and catalyse further research.
The paper is published as part of the OPHI Working Paper series and you can read it here.